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1
.gitignore
vendored
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1
.gitignore
vendored
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@ -0,0 +1 @@
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public/
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51
README.md
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51
README.md
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@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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Notes de cours et TD machines
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-----------------------------
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Dépôt git pour la construction d'un sitre statique avec
|
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[Hugo](https://gohugo.io) reprenant l'ensemble de mes notres de cours et TM
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machine mises au propre (J'ai beaucoup de retard...)
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||||
Je rajouterai plus tard un `makefile` pour la construction de fichiers PDF avec
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[pandoc](https://pandoc.org/)
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||||
|
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## Construction du site
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|
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### Installer le thème
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||||
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||||
Pour que la construction du site fonctionne, il faut installer le thème visuer
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choisi (ici er). Il est présent sous la forme d'un `submodule` git au'il faut
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initialiser (dans le répertoire racine du dépôt).
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```shell
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git submodule init && git submodule update
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||||
```
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### Version locale du site
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Pour construite le site, il faut au préalable installer hugo, sur Archlinux :
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```shell
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||||
# pacman -S hugo
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```
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Pour activer le serveur web intégré à Hugo, il suffit de lancer la commande
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(dans le répertoire racine du dépôt) :
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||||
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```shell
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$ hugo server -D --disableFastRender -v
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```
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Il est possible de rajouter l'option `--debug` afin d'afficher plus
|
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d'information sur la sortie standard. Une fois ce mode activé, il suffit
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d'ouvrir son navigateur er d'aller à l'adresse *http://localhost:1313*.
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## Site en ligne
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||||
Le site n'est pas encore accessible en ligne, un jour peut-être...
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|
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## Bugs
|
||||
|
||||
C'est la première fois que j'utilise un générateur de site statique, le
|
||||
focntionnement du site n'est donc pas optimal. Les pages **tags** et
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**catégories** ne fonctionnent pas (pages blanches) pour une raison encore
|
||||
mystérieuse.
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||||
6
archetypes/default.md
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6
archetypes/default.md
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
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|||
---
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||||
title: "{{ replace .Name "-" " " | title }}"
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date: {{ .Date }}
|
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draft: true
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
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25
config.toml
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25
config.toml
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@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
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|||
baseURL = "https://lpro.epha.se"
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languageCode = "fr"
|
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defaultContentLanguage = "fr"
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title = "Licence pro ADSILLH - Cours et TD"
|
||||
pygmentsCodeFences = true
|
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pygmentsUseClasses = true
|
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theme = "mainroad"
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rssLimit = 10
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paginate = 10
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|
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[taxonomies]
|
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category = "categories"
|
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tag = "tags"
|
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|
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[Params]
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toc = true
|
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post_navigation = true
|
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postSections = ["reseau", "progsys", "installations", "bdd"]
|
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|
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[Params.sidebar]
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home = "right" # Configure layout for home page
|
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list = "left" # Configure layout for list pages
|
||||
single = false # Configure layout for single pages
|
||||
# Enable widgets in given order
|
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widgets = ["search", "categories", "taglist"]
|
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43
content/bdd/1-introduction/files/bibliotheque_creation.sql
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43
content/bdd/1-introduction/files/bibliotheque_creation.sql
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@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
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CREATE SCHEMA Bibliotheque;
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SET search_path TO Bibliotheque, public;
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CREATE TYPE Bibliotheque.Sexe AS ENUM ('F', 'M');
|
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CREATE TYPE Bibliotheque.Etat AS ENUM ('Neuf', 'Bon', 'Use');
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CREATE TABLE Bibliotheque.Lecteur (
|
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num_lecteur serial NOT NULL,
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nom text NOT NULL,
|
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sexe Bibliotheque.Sexe NOT NULL,
|
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-- age devient date de naissance
|
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naissance date NOT NULL,
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ville text NOT NULL,
|
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-- clefs candidates
|
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PRIMARY KEY (num_lecteur)
|
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);
|
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CREATE TABLE Bibliotheque.Livre (
|
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isbn integer NOT NULL,
|
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titre text NOT NULL,
|
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auteur text NOT NULL,
|
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editeur text NOT NULL,
|
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annee interval YEAR NOT NULL,
|
||||
-- clefs candidates
|
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PRIMARY KEY (isbn)
|
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);
|
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CREATE TABLE Bibliotheque.Exemplaire (
|
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num_exemplaire serial NOT NULL,
|
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isbn integer NOT NULL,
|
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date_achat date NOT NULL,
|
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etat Bibliotheque.Etat NOT NULL,
|
||||
-- clefs candidates
|
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PRIMARY KEY (num_exemplaire),
|
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-- Clefs étrangères
|
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FOREIGN KEY (isbn) REFERENCES Bibliotheque.Livre(isbn)
|
||||
);
|
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CREATE TABLE Bibliotheque.Emprunt (
|
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num_exemplaire serial NOT NULL,
|
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num_lecteur serial NOT NULL,
|
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date_emprunt date NOT NULL,
|
||||
-- clefs candidates
|
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PRIMARY KEY (num_exemplaire, num_lecteur),
|
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-- Clefs étrangères
|
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FOREIGN KEY (num_exemplaire) REFERENCES Bibliotheque.Exemplaire(num_exemplaire),
|
||||
FOREIGN KEY (num_lecteur) REFERENCES Bibliotheque.Lecteur(num_lecteur)
|
||||
);
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BIN
content/bdd/1-introduction/files/cours1.pdf
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BIN
content/bdd/1-introduction/files/cours1.pdf
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Binary file not shown.
41
content/bdd/1-introduction/files/schema_avions.sql
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41
content/bdd/1-introduction/files/schema_avions.sql
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@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
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|||
-- schema de Base de données pour la gestion d'une compagnie aérienne.
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CREATE SCHEMA aerocremi;
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SET search_path TO aerocremi, public;
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|
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CREATE TABLE aerocremi.avion(
|
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-- Je pars du principe que le numéro de série est donné par le fabricant
|
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-- de l'avion et qu'il ne contient que des chiffres. Il ne peut donc pas
|
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-- être du type serial.
|
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num_serie integer NOT NULL,
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type text NOT NULL,
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capacite integer NOT NULL,
|
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PRIMARY KEY (num_serie)
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);
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|
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CREATE TABLE aerocremi.pilote(
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matricule serial NOT NULL,
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nom text NOT_NULL,
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anciennete date,
|
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PRIMARY KEY (matricule)
|
||||
);
|
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|
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CREATE TABLE aerocremi.vol(
|
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num_vol text NOT NULL,
|
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-- Je part du principe qu'il faut gérer les times zones sur les horaires
|
||||
-- de vol (logique pour une compagnie aérienne)
|
||||
-- https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/datatype-datetime.html
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heure_depart time with time zone NOT NULL,
|
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heure_arrivee time with time zone NOT NULL,
|
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PRIMARY_KEY (num_vol)
|
||||
);
|
||||
|
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CREATE TABLE aerocremi.planning(
|
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num_planning serial NOT NULL,
|
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num_vol text NOT NULL,
|
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matricule integer NOT NULL,
|
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date_vol date NOT NULL
|
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PRIMARY KEY (num_planning),
|
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FOREIGN KEY num_vol REFERENCES aerocremi.vol(num_vol),
|
||||
FOREIGN KEY num_avion REFERENCES aerocremi.avion(num_serie),
|
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FOREIGN KEY matricule REFERENCES aecrocremi.pilote(matricule)
|
||||
);
|
||||
BIN
content/bdd/1-introduction/files/td1.pdf
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BIN
content/bdd/1-introduction/files/td1.pdf
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31
content/bdd/1-introduction/index.md
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31
content/bdd/1-introduction/index.md
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@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title : "Base de données : Introduction"
|
||||
date: 2018-09-10
|
||||
categories: ["Base de données", "Cours"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Lors de ce cours, nous allons créer une application web de gestion d'un hôtel :
|
||||
gestion des réservation et des factures.
|
||||
|
||||
## Qu'est ce qu'une application web
|
||||
|
||||
C'est une application de type client <> serveur disponible via un navigateur
|
||||
web. Elle est conçue à partir d'un ensemble de sources (au sens code source)
|
||||
hétérogène : HTML, CSS et javascript côté client; PHP, Python perl etc
|
||||
côté serveur.
|
||||
|
||||
On compte 3 types d'applications web :
|
||||
|
||||
- **statique** (un site web basique)
|
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- dynamique **côté serveur**
|
||||
- dynamique *côté client et serveur**
|
||||
|
||||
## Processus de création d'une base de données
|
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|
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1- données du "monde réel"
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2- réel perçu
|
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3- données et contraintes
|
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4- modèle relationnel
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||||
5- implémentation dans un SGBDR *(Système de Gestion de Base de Données
|
||||
Relationnelles)
|
||||
|
||||
113
content/bdd/2-definitions/indev.md
Normal file
113
content/bdd/2-definitions/indev.md
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|
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
|||
---
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||||
title: "Base de données : définitions"
|
||||
date: 2018-09-17
|
||||
modify: 2018-09-24
|
||||
categories: ["Base de données", "cours"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Le domaine
|
||||
|
||||
Il représente l'ensemble des valeurs autorisées pour une information. Cette
|
||||
notion est très proche [de domaine de définition](w_dom-def) en mathématiques.
|
||||
On le décompose en deux grandes familles.:
|
||||
|
||||
- **élémentaire** : les types de base comme les entiers, réels, chaines de
|
||||
caractères mais aussi les intervales ou les listes de valeurs
|
||||
- **structuré** : des types de valeurs plus structurée comme pas exemple la
|
||||
notion de point définit pat une composant `X` et `Y`.
|
||||
|
||||
[w_dom-def]:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_de_d%C3%A9finition
|
||||
|
||||
## Le produit cartésien
|
||||
|
||||
Le produit cartésien des domaines $D_{1} D_{2}$ représente l'ensemble
|
||||
des valeurs contenue dans $D_{1}$ et $D_{2}$, il est noté
|
||||
|
||||
$$
|
||||
D_{1} \times D_{2}
|
||||
$$
|
||||
|
||||
## La relation
|
||||
|
||||
Elle représente un sousrensemble r du produit carthésien. Elle est caractérisée
|
||||
par un nom.
|
||||
|
||||
## Tuple ou n-tuple
|
||||
|
||||
Il représente une ligne dans une relation
|
||||
|
||||
## Attributs
|
||||
|
||||
Nom donné à un colonne. Il est composé d'un indentifiant et d'un domaine
|
||||
|
||||
## Schéma de relation
|
||||
|
||||
Il ets définis par un ensemble d'attributs U et un ensenble de contraintes. on
|
||||
le note courrament R(U), R(U) décrit l'intention de la relation. La relation
|
||||
(tableau + valeurs) définit une extention.
|
||||
|
||||
Une relation `r` est une instance finie d'un schema de relation notée `r:R(U)`,
|
||||
exemple :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
AlimentsPreferes(nom,type,origine,bio)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## La base de données
|
||||
|
||||
Un schéma de base de données et un ensemble de schemas de relation liés par des
|
||||
dépendances référencielles (un type de contraines). Une base de données est
|
||||
alors un ensemble de relations (extensions) associées au schéma et verifiamts
|
||||
ses contraines.
|
||||
|
||||
## Le modèle relationnel
|
||||
|
||||
Il est définis en 1970 par *E. F. Codd* (IBM Research Lab) et se veut
|
||||
indépendant de la representation physique des données. Il a une assise
|
||||
mathématique forte ([algèbre relationnelle](w_algebre-r), [formes
|
||||
normales](w_form-norm)).
|
||||
|
||||
[w_algebre-r]:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A8bre_relationnelle
|
||||
[w_form-norm]:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forme_normale_(bases_de_donn%C3%A9es_relationnelles)
|
||||
|
||||
### Objectifs généraux
|
||||
|
||||
- Éliminer les comportements anormaux lors des mises à jour des données.
|
||||
- Éliminer les données redondantes.
|
||||
- Meilleures compréhension des relationssémantiques entres les données.
|
||||
|
||||
### Buts
|
||||
|
||||
Éliminer les anomalies de la relation universelle (tous les attributs sur toutes
|
||||
les colonnes) pour faciliter la manipulation des relation. En un mot normaliser
|
||||
les relations.
|
||||
|
||||
### Méthode
|
||||
|
||||
Décomposer la relation universelle en sous-relations qui ne souffre pas des
|
||||
anomalies de la relation universelle.
|
||||
|
||||
- conserve toutes les données
|
||||
- conserve un minimum de contraintes
|
||||
|
||||
### Les types de contraintes
|
||||
|
||||
- sur les attributs : valeur nulle autorisées (ou non), valeur imposée ...
|
||||
- sur les n-uplets (plusieurs valeurs) : l'exemple d'une bibliothèque, la date
|
||||
de retour d'un livre doit être suppérieure à la date d'emprunt.
|
||||
- sur les relations : clé, cardinalité
|
||||
- sur la base de données : clé étrangères
|
||||
- sur l'évolution temporelle de la base de données : exemple de l'état civil,
|
||||
on passe, dans l'ordre de célibataire à marié puis divorcé. On ne peut pas
|
||||
passer de célibataire à divorcé.
|
||||
|
||||
# La notion de clé
|
||||
|
||||
Une clé doit permettre de trouver un tuple dans une relation avec seulement une
|
||||
partie des attributs, dit plus simplement, identifier sans équivoque un
|
||||
enregistrement.
|
||||
|
||||
Du point de vue mathématique, il ne doit pas avoir deux fois le même éléments
|
||||
dans un ensemble : deux tuples d'une même relation ne peuvent être égaux.
|
||||
|
||||
Soit un ensemble $U\{A_{1}, A_{2}, ..., A_{n}\}$
|
||||
BIN
content/installations/1-LDAP/files/CoursLinux.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/installations/1-LDAP/files/CoursLinux.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
content/installations/1-LDAP/files/RZO LDAP.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/installations/1-LDAP/files/RZO LDAP.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
content/installations/1-LDAP/files/RZO Messagerie cours.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/installations/1-LDAP/files/RZO Messagerie cours.pdf
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263
content/installations/1-LDAP/index.md
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263
content/installations/1-LDAP/index.md
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Les annuaires LDAP
|
||||
date: 2018-09-06
|
||||
tags: ["annuaire", "LDAP", "LDIG"]
|
||||
categories: ["Installations", "Cours"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**LDAP** pour *Lightweight Directory Access Protocol* est à l'origine un
|
||||
protocole utilisé pour la modification et la consultation de services
|
||||
d'annuaire. Il a évolué pour devenir une norme pour les services d'annuaire
|
||||
incluant un modèle de données, un modèle de nommage, un modèle fonctionnel, un
|
||||
modèle de sécurité et un modèle de réplication.
|
||||
|
||||
Dérivé du protocole x500, réputé "usine à gaz" complexe à mettre en place et
|
||||
peu performant, LDAP se veux, comme son nom l'indique plus léger, il est
|
||||
standardisé par l'IETF. La version actuelle est la LDAPv3 définie dans plusieurs
|
||||
RFC en commençant par la RFC 4510
|
||||
|
||||
# Les modèles du LDAPv3
|
||||
|
||||
Ils sont au nombre de 4 :
|
||||
|
||||
- **le modèle d'information** qui reprend entres autres le schéma, les OID, les
|
||||
attributs, les classes d'objets
|
||||
- **le modèle de désignation** qui s'attache au nommage des entrées, à la
|
||||
hiérarchisation des données, au lien LDAP - DNS
|
||||
- **le modèle de services** qui décrit les services offerts par le service
|
||||
d'annuaire
|
||||
- **le modèle de sécurité** qui défini l'authentification, la confidentialité,
|
||||
l'intégrité et la gestion des habilitations.
|
||||
|
||||
# Le modèle d'information
|
||||
|
||||
Il décrit principalement le schéma de l'annuaire : les *attributs*, les
|
||||
*syntaxes*, les *classes d'objets* et les *règles de recherches*.
|
||||
|
||||
## les attributs
|
||||
|
||||
Se sont les éléments de base du schéma décrit comme suit :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
attributetype (
|
||||
<OID> # identifiant OID unique
|
||||
NAME <nom> # nom de l'attribut
|
||||
DESC <desc> # description de l'attribut
|
||||
OBSOLETE # indique aue l'attribut est obsolète
|
||||
SUP <classe> # classe parente de l'attribut
|
||||
EQUALITY <règle> # nom de la règle de recherche
|
||||
ORDERING <règle> # nom de la règle d'ordenancement
|
||||
SUBSTR <règle> # nom de la règle de recherche dabs une sous-chaine
|
||||
# de caractère
|
||||
SYNTAX <syntax> # syntaxe de l'attribut
|
||||
SINGLE-VALUE # indique d'une seule valeur est attendue
|
||||
COLLECTIVE # indique que le schéma est collectif
|
||||
NO-USER-MODIFICATION # indique aue l'utilisateur ne peut modifier l'attribut
|
||||
USAGE # usage de l'attribut.
|
||||
)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Voici un exemple concret :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
attributetype (
|
||||
2.5.4.16
|
||||
NAME 'postalAddress'
|
||||
DESC 'RFC2256: postal address'
|
||||
EQUALITY caseIgnoreListMatch
|
||||
SUBSTR caseIgnoreListSubstringsMatch
|
||||
SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.41
|
||||
)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Les attributs
|
||||
|
||||
On distingue les **attributs utilisateurs** qui caractérisent l'objet manipulé
|
||||
par les utilisateurs des **attributs opérationnels** manipulés seulement par le
|
||||
serveur afin de modifier les données.
|
||||
|
||||
### Les OID - Object IDentifiers
|
||||
|
||||
Ce sont des identifiants universels, représentés par une suite d'entiers séparés
|
||||
par des points. Il sont organisés sous forme hiérarchique ainsi seul l'organisme
|
||||
1.2.3 peur donner la signification de 1.2.3.4.
|
||||
|
||||
Leur objectif est d'assurer l'interopérabilité entre différents logiciels et son
|
||||
utilisés dans le LDAP, mais aussi le SNMP.
|
||||
|
||||
Voir la [liste des OID](https://ldap.com/ldap-oid-reference-guide/)(en). Il est
|
||||
possible d'utiliser [ce site](http://oid-info.com/get/)(en) pour faire une
|
||||
recherche par OID.
|
||||
|
||||
## Les syntaxes
|
||||
|
||||
Elles permettent d'indiquer la règle à suivre pour enseigner l'attribut. Si, par
|
||||
exemple, l'attribut suit une syntaxe dn et l'utilisateur saisit une chaîne de
|
||||
caractère lambda, l'attribut ne pourra être renseigné.
|
||||
|
||||
## Les classes d'objets
|
||||
|
||||
Ils représentent une collection d'attributs . On peut y définir, par exemple, ce
|
||||
qui est obligatoire ou facultatif. Voici une description du format :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
ObjectClassDescription (
|
||||
<OID> # OID de la classe
|
||||
NAME <nom> # nom de la classe
|
||||
DESC <desc> # description de la classe
|
||||
OBSOLETE # indique que la classe est obsolete
|
||||
SUP <classe> # indique la classe parente
|
||||
ABSTRACT # Les 3 éléments suivant sont au choix ( voir l'explication
|
||||
STUCTURAL # ci-dessous
|
||||
AUXILIARY
|
||||
MUST () # Liste des attributs obligatoires
|
||||
MAY () # liste des attributs facultatifs
|
||||
)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Voici un exemple concret avec les classes `person` et `organisationnalPerson`:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
( 2.5.6.6
|
||||
NAME 'person'
|
||||
SUP top
|
||||
STRUCTURAL
|
||||
MUST ( sn $ cn )
|
||||
MAY ( userPassword $ telephoneNumber $ seeAlso $
|
||||
description )
|
||||
)
|
||||
( 2.5.6.7
|
||||
NAME 'organizationalPerson'
|
||||
SUP person
|
||||
STRUCTURAL
|
||||
MAY ( title $ x121Address $ registeredAddress $
|
||||
destinationIndicator $ preferredDeliveryMethod $
|
||||
telexNumber $ teletexTerminalIdentifier $
|
||||
telephoneNumber $ internationaliSDNNumber $
|
||||
facsimileTelephoneNumber $ street $ postOfficeBox $
|
||||
postalCode $ postalAddress $
|
||||
physicalDeliveryOfficeName $ ou $ st $ l )
|
||||
)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Les types de classes d`objets
|
||||
|
||||
Il en existe trois :
|
||||
|
||||
- **abstraites** : ce sont des classe de plus haut niveau non instanciable mais
|
||||
pouvant être dérivées. la classe d'objets la plus haute étant `top` dont
|
||||
toute classe dérive
|
||||
- **structurelles** : sont des classes instanciables.
|
||||
- **auxiliaires** : sont des classes permettant d'ajouter des attributs
|
||||
facultatifs à des classes structurelles
|
||||
|
||||
Voir diaporama du cours page 41.
|
||||
|
||||
## Les règles de recherche
|
||||
|
||||
Elles permettent aux serveur de comparer les valeurs des attributs avec celles
|
||||
demandées dans les requêtes.
|
||||
|
||||
L'exemple ci-dessous présente une règle de recherche sur un entier :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
(
|
||||
2.5.13.14
|
||||
NAME
|
||||
'integerMatch'
|
||||
1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 )
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Le modèle de désignation
|
||||
|
||||
Afin de pouvoir identifier tous les objets dans l'annuaire, il est important de
|
||||
définir des règles de nommage communes a tous le service d'annuaire. deux
|
||||
notions importante apparaissent :
|
||||
|
||||
- le **RDN** pour *Relative Distinguished Name* est un nom unique seulement
|
||||
dans le niveau considéré.
|
||||
- le **DN** pour *Distinguished Name** est un nom unique identifiant un objets
|
||||
dans l'arbre. Il est la somme de tous les RDN
|
||||
|
||||
Pour un nommage cohérent, il est important de définir des règle commune de
|
||||
nommage pour s'assurer de la cohérence des RND. Ceci permet de résoudre les
|
||||
problèmes d'homonymie.
|
||||
|
||||
Exemple :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
RDN = CN=DURAND Yves
|
||||
CN=DURAND Yves,L=Paris,L=Ile de France,C=fr
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# L'organisation hiérarchique
|
||||
|
||||
Un annuaire se présente sous la forme d'un arbre (DIT pour *Directory
|
||||
information Tree*).
|
||||
|
||||
Il peut refléter l'organisation hiérarchique de la
|
||||
structure ou son implantation géographique, voir même mixer les deux.
|
||||
|
||||
Il peut aussi représenter l'organisation de l'entreprise sous forme sémantique
|
||||
en groupant les informations qui ont un même sens (personnes, groupes,
|
||||
applications et.). Cette configuration facilite l'administration des droits
|
||||
d'accès. Par exemple en affectant les droits d'écriture au DRH seulement sur
|
||||
`ou=Personnes`
|
||||
|
||||
# Le modèle de services
|
||||
|
||||
LDAP est basé sur un modèle **Client <> Serveur**. Le client transmet une
|
||||
requête décrivant une ou plusieurs actions à réaliser sur l'annuaire. Le serveur
|
||||
est lui responsable de sa réalisation. Le serveur renvoi alors le résultat ou
|
||||
une ou plusieurs références à d'autres serveurs susceptibles d'accéder à la
|
||||
demande du client.
|
||||
|
||||
Toutes les opération sont encapsulées dans une envelope commune : **le message
|
||||
LDAP** *(LDAPMEssage)*
|
||||
|
||||
Chaque requête possède son propre identifiant Il est possible de réutiliser cet
|
||||
identifiant si :
|
||||
|
||||
- la requête n'a pas été abandonnée
|
||||
- elle n'ai pas eu de réponse à l'instant donné.
|
||||
|
||||
Quelle que soit la requête, la réponse sera donné sous la forme d'un message
|
||||
*LDAPResult*
|
||||
|
||||
# Le modèle de sécurité
|
||||
|
||||
L'accès à l'annuaire LDAP peut se faire :
|
||||
|
||||
- en accès anonyme
|
||||
- par authentification via un mot de passe
|
||||
- par authentification par mot de passe via une liaison chiffrée TLS
|
||||
- par authentification forte via certificats
|
||||
- par authentification forte via certificats et liaison chiffrée TLS
|
||||
|
||||
# Le format LDIF
|
||||
|
||||
Le **LDIF** *LDAP Data Interchange Format* est un format de fichier de type
|
||||
texte (ASCII) utilisé pour la représentation des données issues d'un annuaire
|
||||
LDAP ou d'opération sur les données (mais pas les deux à la fois).
|
||||
|
||||
Il est donc utilisé pour faciliter les opérations d'importation et/ou
|
||||
d'exportation massive d'informations. Il contient une série d'enregistrements
|
||||
séparés par des séparateur de lignes. Un enregistrement décrit un enregistrement
|
||||
ou une modification.
|
||||
|
||||
Exemple :
|
||||
|
||||
```ldif
|
||||
dn: dmdName=Devices,ou=iut_mont-de-marsan,dc=universite, dc=education,dc=gouv,dc=fr
|
||||
dmdName: Devices
|
||||
objectClass: dmd
|
||||
objectClass: top
|
||||
dn: dmdName=Applications,ou=iut_mont-de-marsan,dc=universite,dc=education,dc=gouv,dc=fr
|
||||
dmdName: Applications
|
||||
objectClass: dmd
|
||||
objectClass: top
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Voir le format
|
||||
[LDIF](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDAP_Data_Interchange_Format) sur
|
||||
Wikipedia.
|
||||
198
content/installations/TDM_1-OpenLDAP/index.md
Normal file
198
content/installations/TDM_1-OpenLDAP/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: TDM1 OpenLDAP - notes d'installation
|
||||
date: 2018-09-13
|
||||
lastmod: 2018-08-27
|
||||
category: Installations
|
||||
tags: ['OpenLDAP', 'Apache Directory Studio', 'PAM']
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Le but de ce TD Machine est d'installer OpenLDAP sur une machine virtuelle, de
|
||||
configurer un DIT en `dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr`, de gérer les personnes, matériels et
|
||||
fonctions et enfin de gérer l'authentification par le LDAP.
|
||||
|
||||
# Installation d'openLDAP sur Debian
|
||||
|
||||
Lors de l'installation, j'ai choisi de nommer la machine `openldap` et le
|
||||
`domaine u-bordeaux.fr`, ainsi lors du paramétrage de mon service, il sera
|
||||
accessible directement sur `openldap.u-bordeaux.fr`
|
||||
|
||||
Sur une Debian 9 il suffit d'installer les paquets `slapd` et `ldap-utils` avec
|
||||
la commande :
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
apt install slapd ldap-utils
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Il est possible de définir simplement le domaine et le mot de passe de
|
||||
l'administrateur du serveur LDAP en reconfigurant le paquet avec la commande :
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
dpkg-reconfigure -pHIGH slapd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Il est aussi possible de le faire directement par l'intégration de fichiers LDIF
|
||||
dans l'annuaire.
|
||||
|
||||
# Intégration des personnes, fonctions et matériels
|
||||
|
||||
Nous allons créer 3 objets de type `dmd` *directory management domain* reprenant
|
||||
les trois catégories demandées. Lors de la création de mon arbre, j'ai cependant
|
||||
choisi cd créer des `ou` *organizational unit* mais c'est sémantiquement pas
|
||||
juste (ce serait valable pour le service marketing ou le site de Pessac par
|
||||
example).
|
||||
|
||||
À partir du moment ou le serveur LDAP est lancé, fonctionnel et l'administrateur
|
||||
créé, il est tout à fait possible de lancer cette étape depuis un logiciel comme
|
||||
Apache Directory studio ou phpldapmyadmin. Mais le but ici était de le faire
|
||||
depuis un fichier LDIF.
|
||||
|
||||
```LDIF
|
||||
dn: dmdName=users,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr
|
||||
dmdName: users
|
||||
objectClass: dMD
|
||||
|
||||
dn: dmdName=roles,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr
|
||||
dmdName: fonctions
|
||||
objectClass: dMD
|
||||
|
||||
dn: dmdName=machines,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr
|
||||
dmdName: machines
|
||||
objectClass: dMD
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Il suffit d'intégrer ce fichier à l'annuaire avec la commande `ldapadd` :
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
ldapadd -H ldap://openldap.u-bordeaux.fr -D "cn=admin,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr" \
|
||||
-W -f tree.ldif
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `-H <uri>` : URI d'accès au serveur LDAP
|
||||
- `-D <dn>` : dn du compte autorisé pour l'ajout (ici l'admin)
|
||||
- `-W` : demande le mot de passe
|
||||
- `-f <path>` : fichier LDIF contenant les entrées à ajouter.
|
||||
|
||||
## Effectuer une recherche dans l'annuaire
|
||||
|
||||
La recherche dans l'annuaire est importante dans la mesure ou elle va nous
|
||||
permettre de vérifier au fur et à mesure les données que l'on y ajoute.
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
ldapsearch -x -W -D "cn=admin,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr" -b "dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr" \
|
||||
"(objectClass=dMD)"
|
||||
```
|
||||
- `-W` : demande le mot de passe
|
||||
- `-D` : dn de l'admiistrateur du serveur
|
||||
- `-b` : chemin ou effectuer la rechercheo
|
||||
- `-x` : uriliser l'anthentification simple plutôt que SASL **déconseillé**
|
||||
- `(*)` : recherche
|
||||
|
||||
## Ajouter un mot de passe
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
ldappasswd -H "ldap://ldapsrv.u-bordeaux.fr" -D "cn=admin,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr" \
|
||||
-W "uid=yorick.barbanneau,dmdName=users,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `-H` : host du serveur LDAP à contacter
|
||||
|
||||
Les autres options sont similaires aux comances ci-dessus.
|
||||
|
||||
# Apache Directory Studio
|
||||
|
||||
C'est un logiciel permettant la gestion complète d'un annuaire LDAP. Écrit en
|
||||
java, c'est une application open-source sous licence Apache 2.
|
||||
|
||||
Pour l'installer, il faut disposer d'une interface graphique et d'un
|
||||
environnement d'exécution Java. Pour le TD, j'ai donc installé le bureau `Lxde` et
|
||||
`openjdk-8-jre`.
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
apt install lxde openjdk-8-jre
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
j'ai ensuite téléchargé la dernière version d'Apache Directory Studio sur [le
|
||||
site Apache](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html).
|
||||
|
||||
Une fois le logiciel téléchargé et décompressé, je l'ai lancé puis ajoute la
|
||||
connexion au serveur LDAP dans *LDAP > nouvelle connexion*.
|
||||
|
||||
J'ai créé un groupe enfant de `dmdName=fonction,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr` avec comme `cn`
|
||||
users et un `gidNumber` de 2000
|
||||
|
||||
J'ai ensuite créé un utilisateur enfant de `dmdName=personnes,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr`
|
||||
avec comme classe `OrganizationalPerson` et `PosixAccount`. J'ai fait choisi
|
||||
un `uidMumber` suffisamment haut pour ne pas gêner ceux du système (2000)
|
||||
|
||||
On pourrait le modéliser dans le fichier LDIF suivant (à Corriger):
|
||||
|
||||
```LDIF
|
||||
dn: uid=yorick.barbanneau,dmdName=users,dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr
|
||||
objectClass: top
|
||||
objectClass: person
|
||||
objectClass: organizationalPerson
|
||||
objectClass: posixAccount
|
||||
objectClass: shadowAccount
|
||||
uid: yorick.barbanneau
|
||||
sn: Barbanneau
|
||||
cn: Yorick Barbanneau
|
||||
userpassword: {SSHA}......
|
||||
uidnumber: 2000
|
||||
gidnumber: 2000
|
||||
homedirectory: /home/yorick.barbanneau
|
||||
loginshell: /bin/bash
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Authentification sur la machine avec les comptes LDAP
|
||||
|
||||
L'authentification machine depuis les données de l'annuaire nécessite
|
||||
l'installation et la configuration de deux paquets Debian :
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
apt install libpam-ldap libnss-ldap
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
L'installation entraine ici automatiquement le lancement de la configuration de
|
||||
certains éléments via debconf. il reste cependant des choses à configurer.
|
||||
|
||||
Tout d'abord le fichier `/etc/nsswitch.conf` :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
passwd: files ldap
|
||||
group: files ldap
|
||||
shadow: files ldap
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Ensuite il faut modifier le fichier `/etc/libnss-ldap.conf` et y modifier les champs
|
||||
`base` et `uri` en fonction de notre serveur
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
uri ldap://openldap.u-bordeaux.fr
|
||||
base dc=u-bordeaux,dc=fr
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
et redémarrer le service nscd :
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
systemctl restart nscd
|
||||
```
|
||||
Enfin, il reste à configurer PAM afin qu'il créé le dossier utilisateur s'il
|
||||
n'existe pas. Dans le fichier `/etc/pam.d/common-account` rajouter la ligne :
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
session required pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel umask=0022
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Pour vérifier que tout fonctionne, lancer `getent passwd`, les utilisateurs
|
||||
venant du LDAP devraient apparaître dans la liste obtenue.
|
||||
|
||||
# Voir aussi
|
||||
|
||||
- [LDAP PAM sur la documentation Debian](https://wiki.debian.org/LDAP/PAM)
|
||||
- [LDAP Authentication (Archlinux)](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/LDAP_authentication)
|
||||
- [SSSD](https://docs.pagure.org/SSSD.sssd/)
|
||||
|
||||
## SSSD
|
||||
|
||||
C'est une méthode d'authentification couplée à PAM qui semble intéressante : elle
|
||||
supporte la connexion même en mode hors-ligne grâce à un cache.
|
||||
BIN
content/progsys/1-introduction/files/presentation.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/progsys/1-introduction/files/presentation.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
106
content/progsys/1-introduction/index.md
Normal file
106
content/progsys/1-introduction/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "Programmation Système : Appels systèmes"
|
||||
date: 2018-09-04
|
||||
tags: ["programmation", "système", "appels système"]
|
||||
categories: ["Programmation système", "Cours"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# Qu'est ce que c'est?
|
||||
|
||||
C'est créer des programmes plutôt bas niveau qui s'interfacent avec le noyau
|
||||
et/ou les librairies du système. Il faut donc une bonne connaissance du
|
||||
fonctionnement du système et être en mesure d'identifier d'éventuels problèmes
|
||||
de performance.
|
||||
|
||||
# Le système d'exploitation
|
||||
|
||||
C'est un ensemble de logiciels fournissant les services nécessaires à
|
||||
l'exécution de programmes pour l'utilisateur final :
|
||||
|
||||
- exécution de programmes
|
||||
- accès aux matériels
|
||||
- accès au(x) système(s) de fichier(s)
|
||||
- accès mémoire
|
||||
- accès réseau
|
||||
|
||||
## POSIX et IEE
|
||||
|
||||
La norme POSIX, standard IEEE, définie les interfaces utilisateurs et
|
||||
logiciels, la ligne de commande standard et son interface de scripts, les
|
||||
entrées / sorties de base. les attributs de fichiers (permissions)
|
||||
|
||||
La norme SUS *Single Unie Specification* est une norme plus récente et moins
|
||||
contraignante. elle est basée sur les travaux de l'IEEE et de l'Open Group.
|
||||
|
||||
[SUS][https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification] et
|
||||
[POSIX][https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX] sur Wikipedia
|
||||
|
||||
## LSB
|
||||
|
||||
LSB ou *Linux Standard Base* définie l'agencement général du système GNU / Linux
|
||||
: librairies standard, commandes POSIX étendues, hiérarchie du système de
|
||||
fichiers, les runlevels etc.
|
||||
|
||||
[LSB][https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base] sur Wikipedia.
|
||||
|
||||
## Architecture des systèmes "modernes"
|
||||
|
||||
Ils sont organisés en couches un peu à la façon du modèle OSI :
|
||||
|
||||
1. le matériel
|
||||
2. l'assemblage (assembleur)
|
||||
3. système (applications système)
|
||||
4. Application
|
||||
N. Les applications / machines virtuelles (capables de traverser les couches
|
||||
pour atteindre le matériel)
|
||||
|
||||
Plus la couche est basse, plus la programmation est efficace du point de vue
|
||||
des performances mais plus difficile est la portabilité (un code assembleurs et
|
||||
moins portable qu'un script Python)
|
||||
|
||||
Les systèmes modernes possèdent deux espaces d'exécutions :
|
||||
|
||||
- l'espace utilisateur `user-space` ou `user-land`
|
||||
- l'espace noyau `kernel-space` ou `kernel-land`
|
||||
|
||||
# La libc
|
||||
|
||||
La `libc` est la librairie standard des système GNU/ Linux, elle implémente
|
||||
les fonctionnalités de base pour la plupart des programmes. C'est une API pour
|
||||
accéder aux services du noyau :
|
||||
|
||||
- entrées /sorties
|
||||
- allocation fine de la mémoire
|
||||
- gestion du temps
|
||||
- encapsulation des appels noyau et en dehors du noyau (user-land)
|
||||
|
||||
# Programme et processus
|
||||
|
||||
Un programme est un fichier exécutable stocké sur un disque (mémoire morte). Un
|
||||
processus et un programme mais en mémoire (et donc en cours d'exécution). Un
|
||||
processus est défini par son identifiant (PID) et accède à un espace d'adressage
|
||||
en mémoire vive (pour la pile, les données ...)
|
||||
|
||||
# Descripteurs de fichiers
|
||||
|
||||
Un descripteur de fichier pour *file descriptor* (abrégé *fd*) est un entier
|
||||
positif affecté par le noyau pour référencer un fichier utilisé par un
|
||||
processus. Il est bon de préciser que dans la philosophie Unix, tout est
|
||||
fichier, le *fd* se retrouve donc pour les fichiers, sockets, tubes,
|
||||
périphériques etc.
|
||||
|
||||
# Les appels système
|
||||
|
||||
Ils permettent de demander au noyau de réaliser une action précise et se font au
|
||||
travers de la libc. Voici comment cela se passe :
|
||||
|
||||
- Préparer les arguments en les positionnant dans des registres spécifiques
|
||||
pour le noyau
|
||||
- placer le numéro d'appel système dans un registre spécifique invoquer
|
||||
- l'instruction `trap` qui bascule le processeur en mode noyau
|
||||
|
||||
Le noyau invoque `system_call` après validation des arguments et retourne le
|
||||
résultat à la libc :
|
||||
|
||||
- en cas d'erreur la libc invoque `errno` avec en résultat le code erreur
|
||||
- sinon le résultat
|
||||
BIN
content/progsys/2-fichiers/files/presentation.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/progsys/2-fichiers/files/presentation.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
251
content/progsys/2-fichiers/index.md
Normal file
251
content/progsys/2-fichiers/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "Les fichiers"
|
||||
date: 2018-09-11
|
||||
categories: ["Programmation système", "Cours"]
|
||||
tags: ["fichiers", "descripteurs", "c"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Dans la philosophie Unix, tout est fichiers, les entrees sorties sont donc
|
||||
symbolisées par des manipulations de fichiers. Celles-ci se font par le biais de
|
||||
**descripteurs de fichiers**, il représente le point d'entrée d'un fichier pout
|
||||
un processus.
|
||||
|
||||
Pour chaque programme en cours d'exécution, le noyau maintient une table des
|
||||
fichiers ouverts. Cette table contient entres autres le descripteur de fihers
|
||||
(un nombre entier non signé) et la **position du curseur** ( *file offset* ).
|
||||
|
||||
Le curseur est la position où aura lieu la prochaine opération (lecture /
|
||||
écriture). Cette position est exprimée en octets.
|
||||
|
||||
Il existe cependant 3 types particuliers de descripteur de fichiers :
|
||||
|
||||
- l'entrée standard (0 ou `STDIN_FILENO`)
|
||||
- la sortie standard (1 ou `STDOUT_FILENO`)
|
||||
- la sortie d'erreur (2 ou `STDERR_FILENO`)
|
||||
|
||||
## Les appels système de base
|
||||
|
||||
### open()
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <sys/types.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/stat.h>
|
||||
#include <fcntl.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int open(const char *pathname, int flags);
|
||||
int open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Cet appel système ouvre le fichier dont le chemin est `pathname` et retourne un
|
||||
descripteur de fichier. En vas de problème, la fonction `open()`retourne -1.
|
||||
|
||||
#### flag
|
||||
|
||||
`flag` est un masquage de bits permettant de spécifier le mode d'accès :
|
||||
|
||||
flag | utilisation
|
||||
---------|------------
|
||||
O RDONLY | Lecture seule
|
||||
O WRONLY | Écriture seule
|
||||
O RDWR | Lecture et écriture
|
||||
O CREAT | Création du fichier s'il n'existe pas
|
||||
O TRUNC | Troncature du fichier
|
||||
... | ...
|
||||
O APPEND | Écriture à la fin du fichier
|
||||
|
||||
#### mode
|
||||
|
||||
C'est aussi un masquage de bits définissant le node du fichier en vas de
|
||||
création :
|
||||
|
||||
| mode | octal | utilisation |
|
||||
|---------|-------|--------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
| S_IRWXU | 00700 | Le propriétaire a le droit de lire, écrire, exécuter |
|
||||
| S_IRUSR | 00400 | L’utilisateur a le droit de lire |
|
||||
| S IWUSR | 00200 | L'utilisateur a le droit d'écrire |
|
||||
| S IXUSR | 00100 | L'utilisateur a le droit d'exécuter |
|
||||
| S_IRWXG | 00070 | Le groupe a le droit de lire, écrire, exécuter |
|
||||
| S_IRGRP | 00040 | Le groupe a le droit de lire |
|
||||
| S IWGRP | 00020 | Le groupe a le droit d'écrire |
|
||||
| S IXGRP | 00010 | Le groupe a le droit d'exécuter |
|
||||
| S_IRWXO | 00007 | Le propriétaire a le droit de lire, écrire, exécuter |
|
||||
| S_IROTH | 00004 | L’utilisateur a le droit de lire |
|
||||
| S IWOTH | 00002 | L'utilisateur a le droit d'écrire |
|
||||
| S IXOTH | 00001 | L'utilisateur a le droit d'exécuter |
|
||||
|
||||
#### Exemple en C
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
fd = open("test1.txt", O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
|
||||
```
|
||||
Ouvre un fichier `test.txt`, s'il n'existe pas il sera créé. Il est ouvert en
|
||||
lecture - écritur seul le propriétaire a le droit de lire et d'écrire.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Exemple en Python
|
||||
|
||||
Il est possible de faire les même action en Python avec les modules `stat` et
|
||||
`os`.
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
import os, stat
|
||||
f = os.open("test1.txt",
|
||||
os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC,
|
||||
stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR)
|
||||
f = open("test1.txt", 'w+', 0o600) # umask issue
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Ce programme réalise les mêmes actions que ci-dessus mais en Python
|
||||
|
||||
### read()
|
||||
|
||||
Cet appel système lit des données d'un fichiers
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
|
||||
ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Lit au plus `count` octets depuis le fichier référencé par le descripteur `fd`
|
||||
et les stocke dans `*buff`. Renvoie 0 s'il n'y a plus d'octets à lire ou -1 si
|
||||
la commande échoue
|
||||
|
||||
### write()
|
||||
|
||||
Écrits des données sur un fichier
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Lit au plus `count` octets depuis la zone mémoire depuis `*buf` et les écrits
|
||||
dans le fichier référencé par `fd`. Renvoie le nombre d'octets écrits ou -1 si
|
||||
la commande échoue. Le nombre d'octets écrits peut être inférieur à `count`
|
||||
(plus de place disponible par exemple).
|
||||
|
||||
### close()
|
||||
|
||||
Ferme un fichier, rend libère le descripteur associé et les ressources associées
|
||||
allouées par le noyau.
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
int close(int fd);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Renvoie 0 en cas de réussite et -1 s'il échoue.
|
||||
|
||||
### Exemple de lecture-ecriture
|
||||
|
||||
### en c
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#define BUFMAX 32
|
||||
|
||||
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
char buffer[BUFMAX];
|
||||
int count;
|
||||
count = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, BUFMAX);
|
||||
if (count == -1) {
|
||||
write(STDERR_FILENO, "Unable to read stdin\n", 21);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
write(STDOUT_FILENO, "Input data was: ", 16);
|
||||
write(STDOUT_FILENO, buffer, count);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### en Python
|
||||
|
||||
```Python
|
||||
#!/usr/bin/python3
|
||||
import os, sys
|
||||
def main():
|
||||
#buf = sys.stdin.read() # Ctrl-D for EOF
|
||||
try:
|
||||
buf = input()
|
||||
except EOFError:
|
||||
buf = ''
|
||||
except Exception as e:
|
||||
sys.stderr.write("Unable to read stdin: %s", e)
|
||||
sys.exit(os.EX_DATAERR)
|
||||
sys.stdout.write("Input data was: %s" % (buf))
|
||||
sys.exit(os.EX_OK)
|
||||
main()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### lseek()
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
off_t lseek(int fd, off_t offset, int whence);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Renvoie en octets depuis le début du fichier la nouvelle position du curseur.
|
||||
Cet appel système modifie seulement la table de fichiers ouverts mais ne
|
||||
provoque pas d'accès au système de fichiers.
|
||||
|
||||
### whence
|
||||
|
||||
position | utilisation
|
||||
---------|------------
|
||||
SEEK_SET | le curseur est placé à `offset` octets depuis le début du fichier
|
||||
SEEK_CUP | le curseur est déplacé de `offset` depuis sa position courante
|
||||
SEEK_END | le curseur est déplacé de `offset` octets après la fin de fichier
|
||||
|
||||
### fichiers à trou
|
||||
|
||||
Si l'on positionne le curseur après la fin du fichier puis une opération
|
||||
d'écriture, on créé alors un **trou**. Les données à l'intérieur du trou
|
||||
contiennent 0 pour notre fichier, mais ne prenne pas d'espace disque.
|
||||
|
||||
Ces **fichiers à trou** aussi appelés *sparse files* permettent d'utiliser le
|
||||
système de fichier de manière plus efficace surtout lorsque le fichier est
|
||||
majoritairement vide. Ils sont utilisés pour les bases de données, les images
|
||||
disques, les fichiers journaux etc.
|
||||
|
||||
### Unlink ()
|
||||
|
||||
Détruit un nom dans le système de fichiers. Si ce nom était le dernier lien vers
|
||||
un fichier et que celui-ci n'est ouvert dans aucun processus, il est effacé et
|
||||
l'espace qu'il occupait est marqué comme disponible.
|
||||
|
||||
Si ce fichier et encore ouvert par un processus, il continu d'exister jusqu'à ce
|
||||
que le dernier descripteur de fichier le référençant soit fermé.
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
int unlink(const char *pathname);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## La librairie stdio
|
||||
|
||||
La librairie sdtio.h fourni par la librairie standard permet de manipuler les
|
||||
fichiers avec des fonction de plus haut niveau.
|
||||
|
||||
Les fonction de cette librairie n'opèrent pas directement sur les descripteurs
|
||||
de fichiers (notion spécifiques à Unix) mais sur des pointeur sur une structure
|
||||
de type *FILE*. Elle contient entres autres :
|
||||
|
||||
- le descripteur de fichier
|
||||
- un champ *flag* indiquant l'état du flux
|
||||
- une mémoire tampon
|
||||
- la position courante dans le tampon
|
||||
|
||||
Chaque appel système de gestion de fichiers a un équivalent dans `stdio`.
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
FILE *fopen(const char *path, const char *mode);
|
||||
FILE *fdopen(int fd, const char *mode);
|
||||
int fclose(FILE *stream);
|
||||
size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream)
|
||||
size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, FILE *stream);
|
||||
int fseek(FILE *stream, long offset, int whence);
|
||||
int fflush(FILE *stream);
|
||||
int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...);
|
||||
```
|
||||
262
content/progsys/3-processus/index.md
Normal file
262
content/progsys/3-processus/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "Les processus"
|
||||
date: 2018-09-18
|
||||
categories: ["Programmation système", "Cours"]
|
||||
tags: ["processus", "programme", "c"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Il ne faut pas confondre processus et programme, un processus étant une
|
||||
instance chargée en mémoire et en cours d'exécution d'un programmme. Plusieurs
|
||||
instance d'un programme peuvent s'exécuter en même temps.
|
||||
|
||||
À chaque processus est assicié un identidiant (PID) et un espace de stockage en
|
||||
mémoire pou y stocker la pile, les données, le code etc. (espace d'adressage).
|
||||
|
||||
Un programme contient toutes les informations nécessaire à la création du
|
||||
processus :
|
||||
|
||||
- un format binaire ELF (historiquement a.out, Coff)
|
||||
- le point d'entrée de la première instruction
|
||||
- les données
|
||||
- les information de débogage
|
||||
- les information sur les librairies partagées
|
||||
|
||||
Un processus est une entité abstraite connue du noyau aui lui alloue des
|
||||
ressources pour son execution. Du point de vue du noyau un processus consiste en
|
||||
:
|
||||
|
||||
- En mode **user**
|
||||
- une portion d'espace mémoire
|
||||
- le code du programme
|
||||
- les variables auquelles le programme a accès
|
||||
- em mode **kernel**
|
||||
- Une structure de données de l'état du processus
|
||||
- la table des fichiers ouverts
|
||||
- la table de la mémoire allouée
|
||||
- le répertoire courant
|
||||
- la priorité
|
||||
- le gestionnaire d'évènements (signaux, fin de programmes ...)
|
||||
- les limites du processus
|
||||
|
||||
## le PID
|
||||
|
||||
Il est créé par le noyau et aussi utilisé dans l'espace utilisateur (`kill`,
|
||||
`ps`, `nice`)
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
|
||||
pid_t getpid(void)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Renvoi le PID du processus appelant. Cette fonction est ouvent utilisée par des
|
||||
routines qui créées des fichiers temporaires uniques.
|
||||
|
||||
`pid_t` est un type abstrait pouvant être transtypé en `int`, sa valeur maximale
|
||||
est définie dans `/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max`
|
||||
|
||||
## Démarrage d'un programme en C
|
||||
|
||||
Un programme en C commence toujours par la fonction `main()` :
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `argc` : entier, nombres d'arguments passés
|
||||
- `**argv` : tableau de pointeurs, arguments passés
|
||||
|
||||
L’invocateur du programme (ex: le shell) exécute l’appel système execvp et
|
||||
utilise les arguments passés au programme comme paramètres.
|
||||
|
||||
### exemple
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ mycommand --color -l -s
|
||||
|
||||
argv = ["mycommand", "--color", "-l", "-s"]
|
||||
argc = 4
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
on récupèrera les paramètres avec le code c suivant :
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, char **argv){
|
||||
for (int i=0; i<argc; i++){
|
||||
printf("Argument %i value %s",i, argv[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
La boucle aurait pu aussi être écrite comme suit :
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
for(int i=0; argv[i] != NULL; i++){}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Terminer un programme
|
||||
|
||||
Il y a deux façons de terminer un programme :
|
||||
|
||||
- **nomale** : par la fin du `main()`, un `exit()` : nettoyage de toutes les
|
||||
ressources, appel de `close()` sur tous les descripteurs de fichiers etr
|
||||
appel du getionnaire de sorties (*exit handlers*)
|
||||
- **anormale** : par la réception d'un signal (kill par exemple)
|
||||
|
||||
Par conventionm un programme qui termine correctement renvoi 0, dinon il renvoi
|
||||
un entier positif.
|
||||
|
||||
### atexit
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
int atexit(void (*function)(void));
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
La fonction `atexit()` enregistre la fonction donnée pour que celle-ci soit
|
||||
automatiquement appelée lorsque le programme se termine normalement avec exit(3)
|
||||
ou lors de la fin de la fonction main. Les fonctions ainsi enregistrées sont
|
||||
invoquées dans l'ordre inverse de leur enregistrement ; aucun argument n'est
|
||||
transmis `atexit()` renvoie 0 en cas de succès et une valeur non nulle en cas
|
||||
d'échec
|
||||
|
||||
## Mémoire allouée
|
||||
|
||||
La mémoire allouée à chaque processus est divisée en segments :
|
||||
|
||||
- **le segment texte**, en lecture seule contient les instructions en langage
|
||||
machine (le binaire su programme au format *ELF*)
|
||||
- **le segment des données initialisées** qui contient les variables globales
|
||||
et statiques explicitement initialisées. Les valeurs de ces variables sont
|
||||
lues depuis le fichiers exécutables lorsqu'il est chargé.
|
||||
- **le segment des données non-initialisées** aui contient des variables
|
||||
globales et statiques non explicitement initialisées (BSS)
|
||||
- **la pile** appelées aussi *stack* est un segment dynamique aui s'étend et se
|
||||
réduit. Il contient des blocs de pile appelés *stack frame* par fonction
|
||||
appelée. Une *frame* contient les variables locales et la/les valeur(s) de
|
||||
retour de la fonction.
|
||||
- **le tas** aussi appelé *heap* est une zone où la mémoire peut être
|
||||
dynamiquement allouée pour les variables à l'exécution du programme.
|
||||
|
||||
L'espace mémoire d'un processus est virtuel car celui-ci n'adresse pas
|
||||
directement la mémoire. Les processus sont isolées du noyau et le noyau
|
||||
maintient un tableau de pages mémoires aui adresse les pages de la mémoire
|
||||
physique. Un processus peut adressser plus de mémoire que le système en a de
|
||||
disponible.
|
||||
|
||||
Sous Unix, un processus est définis sous forme arborescente : chacun d'eux a un
|
||||
processus parent (mis à pat le 1 - processus d'init) et chacun a aucun, un ou
|
||||
plusieurs fils.
|
||||
|
||||
## Création de processus
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
|
||||
pid_t fork(void);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Après le `fork()`, le processus parent continue normalement son exécution. Le
|
||||
processus fils commence son exécution juste après. On distingue le parent du
|
||||
fils par la valeur de retour du `fork()` 0 pour le fils, le *PID* du fils pour
|
||||
le père). Le fils est une copie du père cependant seule les zones modifiées sont
|
||||
vraiment copiées. Le segment *text* est partagé entre les deux
|
||||
|
||||
Après le `fork()`, la table des fichiers est partagées entre le parent et
|
||||
l'enfant. Ainsi si l'offset est modifié dans un des processus, il le sera aussi
|
||||
pour l'autre. Cela permet entres autres de faire collaborer les processus sur
|
||||
les mêmes données.
|
||||
|
||||
### exemple de `fork()`
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
pid_t pid;
|
||||
printf("Starting process with PID=%d\n", getpid());
|
||||
pid = fork();
|
||||
if (pid < 0) {
|
||||
perror("Unable to fork");
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (pid == 0) {
|
||||
printf("Starting child with PID=%d (my parent PID=%d)\n", getpid
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
printf("Still in process with PID=%d\n", getpid());
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("Finishing process with PID=%d\n", getpid());
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Terminaison de processus
|
||||
|
||||
Quelle que soit la façon dont se termine un processus (père comme fils), le
|
||||
noyau nettoie les ressources allouées. Il stocke cependant le status de
|
||||
terminaison du fils jusqu'au moment ou le père en prend connaissance.
|
||||
|
||||
Lorsque le père se termine, le processus fils devient enfant de 1 (*PID* 1)
|
||||
|
||||
### Processus zombies
|
||||
|
||||
Lorsqu'un processus enfant est terminé mais que le parent n'a toujours pas pris
|
||||
connaissance de sa terminaison, il devient alors un processus zombie. Ce dernier
|
||||
continue de consommer des ressources noyau (code de terminaison, entrée dans la
|
||||
table des processus etc.)
|
||||
|
||||
### Attendre la fin d'un processus enfant
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <sys/types.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/wait.h>
|
||||
pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, int options);
|
||||
pid_t wait(int *status); // waitpid(-1, &status, 0);
|
||||
// en cas de réussite, l'identifiant du processus fils
|
||||
// terminé (ou changé) est renvoyé ; en cas d'erreur,
|
||||
// la valeur de retour est -1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
L'appel système `waitpid()` permet d'attendre la fin d'un processus. C'est un
|
||||
appel bloquant (sauf avec certaines options). Il retourne une erreur s'il n'y a
|
||||
pas de processus fils. Lorsque le processus fils se termine, la variable
|
||||
`status` contient son code de retour.
|
||||
## Création d'un nouveau processus
|
||||
|
||||
Sous Unix, la création d'un nouveau processus et l'exécution d'un programme sont
|
||||
deux choses distinctes. L'exécution d'un nouveau processus ne créé pas de
|
||||
nouveau processus, il remplace juste le programme appelant en allant chercher
|
||||
les données sur le système de fichiers.
|
||||
|
||||
À l'exécution, tous les segments son réinitialisés comme si le programme avait
|
||||
été exécuté normalement.
|
||||
|
||||
L'exécution d'un programme se fait grâce à l'appel `execve()`
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
extern char **environ;
|
||||
int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ..., (char *) NULL);
|
||||
int execlp(const char *file, const char *arg, ..., (char *) NULL);
|
||||
int execle(const char *path, const char *arg, ...,(char *) NULL, char *const envp[]);
|
||||
int execv(const char *path, char *const argv[]);
|
||||
int execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]);
|
||||
int execvpe(const char *file, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]);
|
||||
|
||||
// Une sortie des fonctions exec() n'intervient que si une erreur s'est
|
||||
// produite. La valeur de retour est -1, et errno contient le code
|
||||
// d'erreur.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Le format ELF
|
||||
|
||||
ELF pour *Executable and Linkable Format* est utilisé pour l'exécution de code
|
||||
compilé. Dévellopé par Unix System Labortatories, il est utilisé par Linux, BSD,
|
||||
System V, IRIX, SPARC.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_1-appels_systemes/files/tdm1.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_1-appels_systemes/files/tdm1.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
39
content/progsys/TDM_1-appels_systemes/index.md
Normal file
39
content/progsys/TDM_1-appels_systemes/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Programmation systeme TDM 1
|
||||
date: 2018-09-05
|
||||
categorie: ['Programmation système', 'TDM']
|
||||
tags : ['appels', 'systèmes', 'Python', 'C']
|
||||
---
|
||||
#Différence entre les strace C et Python
|
||||
|
||||
Le strace python est plus volumineux, ce aui semble normal puisque le code est
|
||||
interprété, et charge par conséquent l'ensemble de l'environnement d'execution
|
||||
Python. *(36 lignes pour le C contre 613 pour le Python)*.
|
||||
|
||||
Cependant il y a aussi beaucoup des similitudes, comme l'appel à la libc et les
|
||||
commamdes envoyées au kernel (write).
|
||||
|
||||
On peut donc en déduire que le temps d'exécution pour la version Python est plus
|
||||
grande avec plus d'appels système.
|
||||
|
||||
## temps d'execution comparé avec strace -tt
|
||||
|
||||
- C : début 17:52:29.647826 fin 17:52:29.668778
|
||||
- Python : début 17:50:49.455004 fin 17:50:49.769447
|
||||
|
||||
La différence de temps d'execution apparaît clairement ici
|
||||
|
||||
# Tracer un programme en cours d'exécution
|
||||
|
||||
J'ai essayé de tracer htop lancé dans un autre terminal mais j'ai une erreur
|
||||
(Opération non permise). En passant par root pour lancer mon strace, il
|
||||
fonctionne. L'affichage du strace est continue logique puisque le programme
|
||||
tournant en arrière plan, il continue de faire des appels systèmes (surveillance
|
||||
des processus du sytèmes)
|
||||
|
||||
Il est dont logique que je ne puisse pas stracer le processus 0, même apres
|
||||
avoir modifier la variable sysctl yama.
|
||||
|
||||
# Avec le sleep
|
||||
|
||||
On constate un appel système de plus (nanosleep) avant le write.
|
||||
8
content/progsys/TDM_1-appels_systemes/src/hello_world.c
Normal file
8
content/progsys/TDM_1-appels_systemes/src/hello_world.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main (){
|
||||
printf("Hello World\n");
|
||||
sleep(5);
|
||||
exit(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main (){
|
||||
printf("Hello World\n");
|
||||
sleep(5);
|
||||
exit(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/files/tdm2.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/files/tdm2.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
7
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/index.md
Normal file
7
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "TDM : Les fichiers"
|
||||
date: 2018-09-11
|
||||
categories : ['Programmation système', 'TDM']
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Pas encore de contenu
|
||||
26
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question1.c
Normal file
26
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question1.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
|||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main () {
|
||||
char buffer[32];
|
||||
int ret, read_ret;
|
||||
int next_read = 1;
|
||||
do {
|
||||
read_ret = read(STDIN_FILENO, buffer, 1);
|
||||
switch ( read_ret ) {
|
||||
case -1 :
|
||||
write (STDERR_FILENO,"Error when reading\n", 19);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
case 0:
|
||||
next_read = 0;
|
||||
break;
|
||||
default:
|
||||
ret = write(STDOUT_FILENO, buffer, 1);
|
||||
if ( ret == -1){
|
||||
write (STDERR_FILENO,"Error when writing\n", 19);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
} while ( next_read );
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
27
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question2.c
Normal file
27
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question2.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
|||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/stat.h>
|
||||
#include <fcntl.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main () {
|
||||
int fd,i;
|
||||
char alphabet[26] = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
|
||||
|
||||
//open file
|
||||
fd = open("tp2-q2.txt",O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, S_IRWXU);
|
||||
if ( fd == -1 ) {
|
||||
write(STDERR_FILENO,"Error when opening file\n", 25);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (i=0;i<26;i++) {
|
||||
if ( write(fd, &alphabet[i], 1) == -1 || write(fd,"\n",1) == -1){
|
||||
write (STDERR_FILENO,"Error when writing\n", 19);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
//Clode file
|
||||
if ( close(fd) == -1){
|
||||
write(STDERR_FILENO, "Can't close file.\n", 18);
|
||||
}
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
24
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question3.c
Normal file
24
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question3.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
|||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/stat.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/fcntl.h>
|
||||
#define HOLE 10000
|
||||
|
||||
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
int fd = open("td2-q3.txt", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, S_IRWXU);
|
||||
if ( fd < 0) {
|
||||
write(STDOUT_FILENO, "Error : can't open file\n", 24);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (int i=0;i<4;i++){
|
||||
if ( write(fd, "A", 1) == -1 || lseek(fd, HOLE, SEEK_CUR) == -1) {
|
||||
write(STDOUT_FILENO, "Error : can't write to file.\n", 29);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
if ( close(fd) == -1) {
|
||||
write(fd,"Error : can't close file.\n", 26);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
24
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question4.c
Normal file
24
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question4.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
|
||||
#define BUFFER 32
|
||||
|
||||
int main () {
|
||||
char read_error[] = "Error when reading input.\n";
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
char buff[BUFFER];
|
||||
FILE *out, *in;
|
||||
in = fdopen(STDIN_FILENO, "r");
|
||||
out = fdopen(STDOUT_FILENO,"w");
|
||||
int count;
|
||||
while ((count = fread(&buff, BUFFER,1,in)) > 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
fwrite(&buff, BUFFER,1,out);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if ( count == -1 ){
|
||||
fwrite(&read_error, strlen(read_error) + 1,1,fdopen(STDERR_FILENO,"w"));
|
||||
}
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
33
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question5.c
Normal file
33
content/progsys/TDM_2-fichiers/src/question5.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <errno.h>
|
||||
|
||||
void output_error() {
|
||||
fprintf(stderr,"Error : %s\n",strerror(errno));
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
char *file = "tp2_q5.txt";
|
||||
FILE *f = fopen(file,"w");
|
||||
char m[56] = "\0";
|
||||
char ret = '\n';
|
||||
if ( f == NULL ){
|
||||
output_error();
|
||||
}
|
||||
for(char i='a' ;i<='z' ; i++){
|
||||
strncat(m,&i,1);
|
||||
strncat(m,&ret,1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
fwrite(&m,strlen(m) + 1,1,f);
|
||||
if ( ferror(f) ) {
|
||||
output_error();
|
||||
}
|
||||
fclose(f);
|
||||
if ( ferror(f) ){
|
||||
output_error();
|
||||
}
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/files/tdm3.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/files/tdm3.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
59
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/index.md
Normal file
59
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
Title: "TDM : Les Processus"
|
||||
Date: 2018-09-18
|
||||
Category: Programmation système
|
||||
tags: ['TD Machine', 'programmation', 'C', 'processus']
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
[Télécharger les questions](./files/tdm3.pdf)
|
||||
## Question 1
|
||||
|
||||
Sans exécuter le programme, je pense qu'il y aura Il y a 4 processus de créé.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
q1.bin─┬─q1.bin
|
||||
│
|
||||
├─q1.bin
|
||||
└─q1.bin
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Les processus se "clonent" et l'arbre des processus est plus complexe que prévu
|
||||
: il y a 8 processus au total.
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ ./q1.bin &
|
||||
[1] 8895
|
||||
$ pstree 8895
|
||||
q1.bin─┬─q1.bin─┬─q1.bin───q1.bin
|
||||
│ └─q1.bin
|
||||
├─q1.bin───q1.bin
|
||||
└─q1.bin
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Question 2
|
||||
|
||||
Je suis parti au départ pour créer la commande avec une boucle for pour
|
||||
parcourir `*argv` mais il est plus simple de construire la commande avec
|
||||
` &argv[1]` qui retourne le tableau après l'élément 1.
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
int out = execvp(argv[1], &argv[1]);
|
||||
```
|
||||
J'ai aussi fait en sorte que le programme père se termine sur un `EXIT_FAILURE`
|
||||
si le fils se termine sur une erreur.
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
while ((pid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0)) > 0){
|
||||
(status == 0) ? exit(EXIT_SUCCESS) : exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
Télécharger mon [code](./src/td3/q2.c).
|
||||
|
||||
## Question 3
|
||||
|
||||
Ma proposition était un peu complexe et surtout ne correspondant pas vraiment à
|
||||
la demande. J'ai donc modifié ma réponde (q3bis.c)
|
||||
|
||||
Télécharger mon [code](./src/td3/q3.c).
|
||||
Et la version remaniée [code](./src/td3/q3bis.c).
|
||||
|
||||
9
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/src/q1.c
Normal file
9
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/src/q1.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
fork();
|
||||
fork();
|
||||
fork();
|
||||
sleep(10);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
33
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/src/q2.c
Normal file
33
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/src/q2.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <errno.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/wait.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
pid_t pid;
|
||||
int status;
|
||||
pid = fork ();
|
||||
if ( pid < 0 ){
|
||||
printf("Error: %s\n", strerror(errno));
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if ( pid == 0){
|
||||
printf(" Into child, command : %s\n",argv[1]);
|
||||
// we are in children
|
||||
int out = execvp(argv[1], &argv[1]);
|
||||
if ( out == -1 ){
|
||||
printf("Error : %s\n",strerror(errno));
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
// if child exit code is not 0 then exit father with EXIT_FAILURE
|
||||
while ((pid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0)) > 0){
|
||||
(status == 0) ? exit(EXIT_SUCCESS) : exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
};
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
37
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/src/q3.c
Normal file
37
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/src/q3.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <errno.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/wait.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, char **argv){
|
||||
if (argc > 2) {
|
||||
printf("Error : %s must have one argument\n", argv[0]);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (argv[1] == NULL) {
|
||||
printf("Execute child process\n");
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
int x = atoi(argv[1]);
|
||||
printf("Number of children to create : %d\n", x);
|
||||
for (int i=0; i < x ; i++){
|
||||
int pid = fork();
|
||||
if (pid == -1) {
|
||||
printf("Error : %s", strerror(errno));
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (pid == 0) {
|
||||
// we are in our children
|
||||
if ((execl(argv[0],"",NULL)) < 0 ) {
|
||||
printf("Error : %s\n", strerror(errno));
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
35
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/src/q3bis.c
Normal file
35
content/progsys/TDM_3-processus/src/q3bis.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <errno.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/wait.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, char **argv){
|
||||
if (argv[1] == NULL) {
|
||||
printf("Error : %s must have one argument\n", argv[0]);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("Execute programme number %s\n",argv[1]);
|
||||
int r = atoi(argv[1]) - 1;
|
||||
if (r > 0){
|
||||
int pid = fork();
|
||||
if (pid == -1) {
|
||||
printf("Error : %s", strerror(errno));
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (pid == 0) {
|
||||
// we are in our children
|
||||
char args[12] = "";
|
||||
sprintf(args,"%i", r);
|
||||
if ((execl(argv[0], argv[0], args, NULL)) < 0 ) {
|
||||
printf("Error : %s\n", strerror(errno));
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
printf("This is the end!\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_4-les_signaux/files/tdm4.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_4-les_signaux/files/tdm4.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
21
content/progsys/TDM_4-les_signaux/src/q1.c
Normal file
21
content/progsys/TDM_4-les_signaux/src/q1.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
|||
#include <signal.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int i;
|
||||
|
||||
void signal_sigint(){
|
||||
printf("value : %d\n",i);
|
||||
//exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main () {
|
||||
if((signal(SIGINT,signal_sigint)) == SIG_ERR){
|
||||
perror("unable to catch signal");
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (i=0; i<1000000; i++) {
|
||||
sleep(0.01);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
45
content/progsys/TDM_4-les_signaux/src/q2.c
Normal file
45
content/progsys/TDM_4-les_signaux/src/q2.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
|||
#include <signal.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/wait.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
|
||||
#define PAUSE 60
|
||||
#define CHILDREN 2
|
||||
int pids[CHILDREN];
|
||||
|
||||
void signal_sigterm () {
|
||||
for(int i=0; i<CHILDREN; i++){
|
||||
// do nothing if whe are in childs
|
||||
if (pids[i] > 0) {
|
||||
if ((kill(pids[i],15)) == -1){
|
||||
perror("Error in signal catch\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("Sending SIGTERM to child %d\n", pids[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else{
|
||||
printf("\tKilling me\n");
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main( int argc, char **argv){
|
||||
printf("Starting father with pid %d\n", getpid());
|
||||
int status;
|
||||
for (int i=0;i<CHILDREN;i++){
|
||||
pids[i] = fork();
|
||||
if (pids[i] == 0) {
|
||||
sleep(PAUSE);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
printf ("Starting child with pid : %d\n", pids[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
if((signal(SIGTERM,signal_sigterm)) == SIG_ERR){
|
||||
perror("unable to catch signal");
|
||||
}
|
||||
waitpid(-1, &status,0);
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/files/tdm5.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/files/tdm5.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
22
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/index.md
Normal file
22
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title : "TDM : Les processus légers"
|
||||
category: Programmation système
|
||||
date: 2018-09-25
|
||||
---
|
||||
[télécharger les questions](./files/tdm5.pdf)
|
||||
|
||||
## Question 1
|
||||
|
||||
Comme vu en TD, les résultats ne sont pas ceux attendu du fait de l'absence de
|
||||
mutex. Je constate aussi qu'ils varient aussi d'une execution sur l'autre.
|
||||
|
||||
### avec un mutex
|
||||
|
||||
J'obtiens la valeur attendue pour blob.
|
||||
|
||||
[Voir mon code dans mutex](./src/td5/q1.c)
|
||||
[Voir mon code avec mutex](./src/td5/q1_mutex.c)
|
||||
|
||||
## Question 2
|
||||
|
||||
[Voir mon code](./src/td5/q2.c)
|
||||
44
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/src/q1.c
Normal file
44
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/src/q1.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <pthread.h>
|
||||
|
||||
//define
|
||||
#define THREADS 2
|
||||
#define ITERATIONS 1000000
|
||||
|
||||
static long glob = 0;
|
||||
|
||||
void *tmain( void *arg){
|
||||
long tmp;
|
||||
for (int i=0; i < ITERATIONS; i++){
|
||||
tmp = glob;
|
||||
tmp++;
|
||||
glob = tmp;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
pthread_t *t;
|
||||
void *res;
|
||||
// memory allocation for threads
|
||||
if ( (t=calloc(THREADS, sizeof(pthread_t))) == NULL) {
|
||||
perror("Unable ro allocate memory for pthread");
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (int i=0; i < THREADS; i++){
|
||||
if (pthread_create(&t[i],NULL, tmain, &"") != 0){
|
||||
perror("unable to create thread\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Need to block parent thread until brother thread are finished
|
||||
for (int j=0;j < THREADS; j++){
|
||||
// bloc main thread exec with pthread_join()
|
||||
if (pthread_join(t[j], &res) != 0){
|
||||
perror ("Unable to join process");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("glob is %ld, should be 2000000\n", glob);
|
||||
free(t);
|
||||
exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
52
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/src/q1_mutex.c
Normal file
52
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/src/q1_mutex.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <pthread.h>
|
||||
|
||||
//define
|
||||
#define THREADS 2
|
||||
#define ITERATIONS 1000000
|
||||
|
||||
static long glob = 0;
|
||||
static pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
|
||||
|
||||
void *tmain( void *arg){
|
||||
long tmp;
|
||||
for (int i=0; i < ITERATIONS; i++){
|
||||
if (pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex) != 0) {
|
||||
perror("Mutex lock failed");
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
tmp = glob;
|
||||
tmp++;
|
||||
glob = tmp;
|
||||
if (pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex) != 0) {
|
||||
perror("Mutex lock failed");
|
||||
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
pthread_t *t;
|
||||
void *res;
|
||||
// memory allocation for threads
|
||||
if ( (t=calloc(THREADS, sizeof(pthread_t))) == NULL) {
|
||||
perror("Unable ro allocate memory for pthread");
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (int i=0; i < THREADS; i++){
|
||||
if (pthread_create(&t[i],NULL, tmain, &"") != 0){
|
||||
perror("unable to create thread\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Need to block parent thread until brother thread are finished
|
||||
for (int j=0;j < THREADS; j++){
|
||||
// bloc main thread exec with pthread_join()
|
||||
if (pthread_join(t[j], &res) != 0){
|
||||
perror ("Unable to join process");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
printf("glob is %ld, should be 2000000\n", glob);
|
||||
free(t);
|
||||
exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
40
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/src/q2.c
Normal file
40
content/progsys/TDM_5-threads/src/q2.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <pthread.h>
|
||||
|
||||
//define
|
||||
#define THREADS 5
|
||||
#define ITERATIONS 5
|
||||
#define SLEEP 2
|
||||
|
||||
void *tmain( void *arg){
|
||||
for (int i=0; i < ITERATIONS; i++){
|
||||
sleep(SLEEP);
|
||||
printf("I'm alive : %i\n",(int) pthread_self());
|
||||
}
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
pthread_t *t;
|
||||
void *res;
|
||||
// memory allocation for threads
|
||||
if ( (t=calloc(THREADS, sizeof(pthread_t))) == NULL) {
|
||||
perror("Unable ro allocate memory for pthread");
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (int i=0; i < THREADS; i++){
|
||||
if (pthread_create(&t[i],NULL, tmain, &"") != 0){
|
||||
perror("unable to create thread\n");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Need to block parent thread until brother thread are finished
|
||||
for (int j=0;j < THREADS; j++){
|
||||
// bloc main thread exec with pthread_join()
|
||||
if (pthread_join(t[j], &res) != 0){
|
||||
perror ("Unable to join process");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
free(t);
|
||||
exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_6-tubes/files/tdm6.pdf
Normal file
BIN
content/progsys/TDM_6-tubes/files/tdm6.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
6
content/progsys/TDM_6-tubes/index.md
Normal file
6
content/progsys/TDM_6-tubes/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "TDM6 : les tubes"
|
||||
date: 2018-10-09
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
59
content/progsys/TDM_6-tubes/src/q1.c
Normal file
59
content/progsys/TDM_6-tubes/src/q1.c
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
|||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/wait.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/stat.h>
|
||||
|
||||
#define BUFFMAX 256
|
||||
#define OUTPATH "packages.list"
|
||||
|
||||
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
|
||||
pid_t pid;
|
||||
int fds[2], status;
|
||||
if (pipe(fds) == -1) {
|
||||
perror ("Unable to create pipe");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pid = fork();
|
||||
if (pid == -1) {
|
||||
perror("Unable to fork");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
else if(pid > 0){
|
||||
// father
|
||||
printf("Fork : Init father...\n");
|
||||
if (close(fds[1]) == -1) {
|
||||
perror("Unable to close pipe from parent");
|
||||
}
|
||||
// Waiting for children to terminate
|
||||
char buff[BUFFMAX];
|
||||
FILE *fout = fopen(OUTPATH,"w");
|
||||
if ( fout == NULL ){
|
||||
perror("");
|
||||
}
|
||||
int n;
|
||||
while ((n=read(fds[0], &buff, BUFFMAX)) > 0){
|
||||
if ( fwrite(&buff, n, 1, fout) == -1 ){
|
||||
perror("Error when writing output");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
if ( fclose(fout) == -1){
|
||||
perror("Error ou outp[ut file close");
|
||||
}
|
||||
wait(&status);
|
||||
}
|
||||
else {
|
||||
// children
|
||||
if (close(fds[0]) == -1) {
|
||||
perror("Unable to close pipe from child");
|
||||
}
|
||||
if ( dup2(fds[1], STDOUT_FILENO) != STDOUT_FILENO){
|
||||
perror("Unable to duplicate files descriptors");
|
||||
}
|
||||
if ( close(fds[1]) == -1 ){
|
||||
perror ("error on pipe in close");
|
||||
}
|
||||
execlp("pacman","pacman","-Qs", NULL);
|
||||
}
|
||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||
}
|
||||
64
content/reseau/1-introduction-reseau/index.md
Normal file
64
content/reseau/1-introduction-reseau/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
date: "2018-09-03"
|
||||
categories: ["Réseau", "Cours"]
|
||||
title: "Réseaux - Introduction"
|
||||
tags: ["OSI", "latence", "débit"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Le principe de ce cours est de permettre de savoir configurer et gérer un réseau
|
||||
d'entreprise.
|
||||
|
||||
# La pile OSI (vue rapide)
|
||||
|
||||
elle se découpe en 7 couches a connaitre par cœur.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Physique : les bits *câble, ondes, fibre, ADSL ...*
|
||||
2. Liaison : on parle de **trames** *Ethernet, WiFi*
|
||||
3. Réseau : acheminement - **paquets** *IP, IPX*
|
||||
4. Transport : accusé de réception, port, **datagramme** *TCP, UDP, IPX*
|
||||
5. Session : qui? quoi? *CAS (SSO)*
|
||||
6. Présentation : encodage, langue *UTF-8, XML*
|
||||
7. Application : tout le reste.
|
||||
|
||||
Voir schema sur l'encapsulation
|
||||
|
||||
# Latence et débit
|
||||
|
||||
Voir schema Page 3
|
||||
|
||||
**Débit** : Quantité d'information que l'on est capable d'envoyer / recevoir
|
||||
dans un certain laps de temps.
|
||||
|
||||
**Latence** : Temps entre le moment ou j'envoie mon premier bit est envoyé et où
|
||||
il est reçu. La latence est indépendante du débit. La latence étant difficile à
|
||||
mesurer, il est commun d'utiliser plutôt le temps d'un aller retour.
|
||||
|
||||
Les deux notions ne sont pas liées même s'il est possible que l'une impacte
|
||||
l'autre. On considère que l'expérience utilisateur n'est plus fluide à partir de
|
||||
10ms de latence et n'est plus "interactive" à partir de 100ms.
|
||||
|
||||
## Exercice
|
||||
|
||||
Calculer le débit nécessaire pour envoyer une vidéo de 640x360 à 25hz et 24
|
||||
bits/pixels et un fichier audio 16 bits à 48 Khz
|
||||
|
||||
### fichier vidéo
|
||||
|
||||
Une image de notre fichier vidéo se compose donc de **230400** pixels et donc
|
||||
pèse **5529**Kb *(5529600 bits)*. Pour 24 images il faut un débit de
|
||||
**138240**Kb/s
|
||||
|
||||
### fichier audio
|
||||
|
||||
Une seconde de flux audio représentant 48000 valeurs de 16 bits le débit
|
||||
nécessaire est donc de **768**Kb/s. Je suis parti du principe que le fichier
|
||||
audio en question est mono.
|
||||
|
||||
## Correction
|
||||
|
||||
Prendre des approximations, ne pas s'embêter des détails.
|
||||
|
||||
Pour comparaison
|
||||
|
||||
- Fichier vidéo h264 400-100 Kb/s
|
||||
- Fichier audio 128 Kb/s
|
||||
127
content/reseau/2-couches-liaison-reseau/index.md
Normal file
127
content/reseau/2-couches-liaison-reseau/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "Le modèle OSI - la couche physique, la couche liaison et la couche réseau"
|
||||
date: 2018-09-05
|
||||
categories: ["Réseau", "Cours"]
|
||||
tags: ["physique", "cable", "fibre", "wifi"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Les normes 801.## concerne en général la couche physique voire la couche liaison
|
||||
voir la page [IEEE 802](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802) sur Wikipedia.
|
||||
|
||||
# Les câbles
|
||||
|
||||
On parles souvent de câble RJ45 ou câble Ethernet, il est plus juste de parler
|
||||
de câble à paires torsadées et fiches RJ45. Pourquoi les fils sont torsadés?
|
||||
tout simplement pour minimiser les perturbations
|
||||
[diaphoniques](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphonie) induites par les fils
|
||||
entre eux. Le tout est souvent enveloppé dans un blindage soit par
|
||||
paire et/ou pour l'ensemble.
|
||||
|
||||
Voir la page des [paires
|
||||
torsadées](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paire_torsad%C3%A9e) sur Wikipedia
|
||||
|
||||
# La fibre optique
|
||||
|
||||
Le principe est de faire passer de la lumière dans un fil en utilisant les
|
||||
propriété réfractrice de la lumière. La fibre est en fait composée, en son cœur,
|
||||
de deux couches avec des indice de réfraction différent afin de contenir la
|
||||
lumière en la faisant rebondir.
|
||||
|
||||
De par leurs longueur d'onde différentes, il est tout à fait possible d'utiliser
|
||||
plusieurs couleurs de lumières afin d'envoyer plusieurs signaux en simultané.
|
||||
|
||||
On parle de *fibre noire* lorsque la fibre est livrée telle quelle, c'est au
|
||||
client de "l'allumer" et fournissant les boitiers d'alimentation (émetteur et
|
||||
récepteurs).
|
||||
|
||||
A contrario, la fibre allumée est fournie avec sa "lumière" c'est par contre le
|
||||
prestataire (FAI par exemple) qui attribuera la couleur de la lumière.
|
||||
|
||||
Voir [la fibre optique](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_optique) sur
|
||||
Wikipedia
|
||||
|
||||
# Le WiFi
|
||||
|
||||
Le WiFi, utilisé pour l'ensemble des normes 802.11, couvre un ensemble de
|
||||
protocoles de communication sans fils utilisant les ondes radioélectriques en
|
||||
utilisant des bandes de fréquences autour de 2,4 Ghz (normes a,b,g,n) et
|
||||
5 Ghz(n,ac)
|
||||
|
||||
La norme découpe des canaux dans les bandes définie (14 utilisables dont 11 en
|
||||
France pour celle 2,4 Ghz et 25 utilisable pour 5 Ghz)
|
||||
|
||||
On trouve deux type d'antennes pour le WiFi :
|
||||
|
||||
- **directionnelle** : le signal est envoyé dans une direction en particulier,
|
||||
qui permet de diminuer l'atténuation et d'augmenter la portée.
|
||||
- **omnidirectionnelle** : le signal est envoyé dans toute les directions, ce
|
||||
qui diminue la portée.
|
||||
|
||||
Voir la page du [WiFi](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi) sur Wikipédia.
|
||||
|
||||
## Le théorème de Shannon
|
||||
|
||||
Voir [la
|
||||
page](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9chantillonnage)
|
||||
Wikipedia.
|
||||
|
||||
# Les adresses
|
||||
|
||||
Quel que soit le type de réseau, il y a forcément une notion d'adresse
|
||||
sous-jacente. Pou Internet, réseau de réseaux, on dénombre trois type d'adresses
|
||||
|
||||
## Adresse MAC
|
||||
|
||||
Inscrite directement dans le matériel (carte réseau ethernet, wifi ...). Cette
|
||||
adresse est utilisée localement (réseau interne) est codée sur 48bits en
|
||||
hexadécimal : 24 étant spécifique au constructeur et 24 au matériel. Deux
|
||||
périphériques peuvent avoir la même adresse MAC, mais le fabriquant se
|
||||
débrouillera pour les envoyer à des coins opposés du monde pour ne pas qu'ils se
|
||||
retrouve sur le même réseau local.
|
||||
|
||||
## Adresse IP
|
||||
|
||||
C'est une adresse virtuelle, dans le sens ou elle n'est pas inscrite en dur dans
|
||||
le matériel comme l'adresse MAC. Elle est globale, routable et doit être unique.
|
||||
Il en existe deux type IPv4 et IPv6
|
||||
|
||||
### IPv4
|
||||
|
||||
C'est le type d'adresse le plus ancien, une adresse IPv4 se compose de 4 valeurs
|
||||
décimales séparées par des points (32 bits). Il est donc possible d'en attribuer
|
||||
environ 4 milliards. C'est aujourd'hui une ressource rare épuisée dans certaines
|
||||
partie du globe (États-Unis par exemple).
|
||||
|
||||
### IPv6
|
||||
|
||||
C'est le type d'adresse le plus récent, il a été créé pour pallier à la pénurie
|
||||
d'IPv4. Une adresse IPv6 est composée de 128 bits en hexadécimal regroupés en
|
||||
paquet de 16 bits séparés par des deux-points (:).
|
||||
|
||||
Elles sont plus facilement structurées, prenons l'exemple de la machine 4 de la
|
||||
salle 101 du CREMI, son adresse est
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
2001:660:6101:800:252:4
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `2001:660` correspond au réseau
|
||||
[RENATER](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_national_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_pour_la_technologie,_l%27enseignement_et_la_recherche0
|
||||
- `:6101` c'est la région (Aquitaine - Bordeaux)
|
||||
- `:800` c'est le bâtiment du CREMI
|
||||
- `:252` c'est le numéro de salle
|
||||
- `:4` c'est le poste.
|
||||
|
||||
On voit ici que le découpage de l'adresse IPv6 la rend lisible.
|
||||
|
||||
## Le masque de sous réseau
|
||||
|
||||
Il permet de distinguer la partie utilisée pour le routage de celle utilisée
|
||||
pour numéroter les interface d'une adresse IP.
|
||||
|
||||
En IPv4, le masque de sous réseau distingue les bits d'une adresse IP
|
||||
identifiant le sous-réseau et ceux identifiant l'hôte.
|
||||
|
||||
En IPv6, le masque est appelé préfixe et est un multiple de 4 afin de découper
|
||||
des morceaux entiers d'adresse pour les sous réseau, facilitant ainsi la vie de
|
||||
tout le monde.
|
||||
729
content/reseau/3-protocoles/images/Tcp_close.svg
Normal file
729
content/reseau/3-protocoles/images/Tcp_close.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,729 @@
|
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143
content/reseau/3-protocoles/index.md
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content/reseau/3-protocoles/index.md
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---
|
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title: "Les protocoles"
|
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categories: ["Réseau", "Cours"]
|
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date: 2018-09-12
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
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Les protocoles sont des conventions qui définissent des manières de communiquer.
|
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En informatiquem on dénombre deux types de protocoles : binaires ou textuels.
|
||||
|
||||
Théoriquement, aucun protocole ne peut être parfait. Ceci peur être illustré par
|
||||
,le théorême des deux armees :
|
||||
|
||||
> Soit des armées aui combattent, l'armée A, composée d'un seul soldat est
|
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> assiégés par l'arméé B composée elle de deux soldats.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Les deux soldats B sont de part-et d'autres du soldat de A qui possède un
|
||||
> fusil. Pour assurer leurs victoire, les deux soldats B doivent attaquer de
|
||||
> façon coodonnée. Utilisant des pigeons voyageurs, comment s'assurer de la bnne
|
||||
> transmission des messages : le soldat A pourrait tuer le messager à tout
|
||||
> moment (contenant le message ou la confirmation de bonne réception).
|
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|
||||
# La commutation de circuits
|
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|
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C'est le fonctionnement typique du réseau téléphonique jusque dans les années
|
||||
60-70. les information échangées emprunte toujours le même chemin au sein du
|
||||
réseau pour une session donnée. Son principal inconvénient est l'occupation de
|
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la "route" même si aucune donnée ne transite (blanc).
|
||||
|
||||
Voir [la commutation de circuits][w_comm-cirk] sur Wikipedia
|
||||
|
||||
[w_comm-circ]:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_de_circuits
|
||||
|
||||
# La commutation de paquet
|
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|
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Apparue dans les années 70, il est ici question de découper l'information en
|
||||
paquets contenant un entête pour l'acheminement, et de les faire transiter par
|
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des routes aui peuvent être différentes. Il n'y a pas ici de réservation de
|
||||
route, optimisant l'utilisation de la ressource.
|
||||
|
||||
En France, l'ingénieur [Louis Pouzin][w_l-pouzin] a inventé le datagramme qui
|
||||
servira de base pour le réseau par commutation de paquest, puis pour le
|
||||
protocole UDP et inspirera Vint Cerf pour la création de TCP-IP
|
||||
|
||||
Voir [la commutation de paquets][w_comm-pak] sur Wikipedia
|
||||
|
||||
[w_l-pouzin]:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pouzin
|
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[w_comm-pak]:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_de_paquets
|
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|
||||
# Les sommes de contrôles
|
||||
|
||||
Les *checksum* ou sommes de controles permettent de s'assurer de l'intégrité
|
||||
d'un message reçu par le réseau. Ce n'est cependant pas un code de correction
|
||||
d'erreur, le but ici est bien la détection (pour éventuellement demander à
|
||||
l'expéditeur de renvoyer le message).
|
||||
|
||||
Dans notre quotidien, les sommes de contrôles sont utilisée pour les numéros
|
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INSEE, les numéros de cartes bancaire etc.
|
||||
|
||||
Il sont là avant tout pour détecter des erreur non intentionnelle (fiabilité)
|
||||
mais n'ont pas vocation à prévenir les erreur intentionnelles (sécurité)
|
||||
|
||||
Voir [les sommes de contrôles][w_checksum]
|
||||
|
||||
[w_checksum]:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_de_contr%C3%B4le
|
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|
||||
# Le protocole TCP
|
||||
|
||||
TCP pour *Transmission Control Protocol* est un protocole de transport fiable de
|
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l'information sur des réseau infomatique. Il correspond à la couche
|
||||
**transport** du modèle OSI. Il fonctionne en trois phases :
|
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|
||||
- L'établissement d'une connection
|
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- Le transfert des données
|
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- La fin de connexion
|
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|
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## Etablissement d'une connexion
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
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Le serveur ouvre une *socket* et attends la demande de connexion du client
|
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(attente passive). Le client initie une connexion active en trois temps :
|
||||
|
||||
- le client envoi un segment *SYN* au serveur.
|
||||
- le serveur lui réponds par un segment *ACK + SYN*
|
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- le client confirme par un segment *ACK*
|
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|
||||
Durant ces échanges, les numéros de séquences du serveur et du client sont
|
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synchronisés. Le client utilise son numéro de séquence `x` pour son premier
|
||||
segment *SYN*. Le serveur utilise son numéro de séquence `y` dans le segment
|
||||
*ACK+SYN* et le numero d'aquitement `x + 1`. Le client confirme par un *ACK*
|
||||
avec comme numéro de séquence `x + 1` et comme numéro d'aquittement `y + 1`.
|
||||
|
||||
## Tranfert de données
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lors du transfert de données, les numéros de séquences sont utilisés afn de
|
||||
réordonner les paquets. Les aquitements servent à s'assurer de la transmission
|
||||
des messages et les sommes de contrôles leurs intégrités.
|
||||
|
||||
- Le serveur envoi un paquet avec comme numéro de séquence `x` et est numero
|
||||
d'aquittement `y` avec `z` octets
|
||||
- le client réponds avec un sergment *ACK* avec comme numéro de séquence `x`
|
||||
et comme numéro d'aquittenemt `y + z`
|
||||
|
||||
Les numéros de soéquences sont des nombres entiers non-signés codés sur 32bits
|
||||
|
||||
### temporisation
|
||||
|
||||
TCP utilise un mécanisme de temporisation et de retransmission. Après l'emvoi
|
||||
d'un segment, TCP attendra un certain temps la confirmation par un *ACK*
|
||||
correspondant.
|
||||
|
||||
## Terminaison d'une connexion
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
La fin d'une connexion TCP se fait en quatre temps, chaque extremités de la
|
||||
connexion envoyant un segment *FIN* et répondant à l'autre par un *ACK*
|
||||
|
||||
## Gestion des flux
|
||||
|
||||
Dans un espace réseau, comment les extremités (souvent le serveur) devinent la
|
||||
vitesse de transmission des segments? En général prudemment : le serveur
|
||||
commence à transferer les données lentement et augmente au fur et à mesure le
|
||||
débit. Il inspecte alors les *ACK* et ajuste le débit en fonction des retours.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. la connexion démarre doucement, le débit augmente au fur et à mesure que les
|
||||
*ACK* reviennent en temps et en heure.
|
||||
2. les segments *ACK* n'arrivent pas à temps, le débit est diminué.
|
||||
3. à partir du moment ou les segments *ACK* arrivent bien, le débit est aumenté
|
||||
à nouveau progressivement.
|
||||
4. on repasse à létape 2.
|
||||
|
||||
Il existre plusieurs algorithmes pour la gestion du débit : Reno, Vegas, Bil,
|
||||
Cubil.
|
||||
|
||||
# Bibliographie
|
||||
|
||||
[TCP sur Wikipedia](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol)
|
||||
904
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318
content/reseau/4-API_C/index.md
Normal file
318
content/reseau/4-API_C/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: "Programmation réseau avec l'API C"
|
||||
date: 2018-09-26
|
||||
modify: 2018-10-03
|
||||
tags: ["programmation", "C"]
|
||||
categories: ["Réseau", "Cours"]
|
||||
---
|
||||
# API C pour un paquet UDP (exemple du DNS)
|
||||
|
||||
1. `socket()` : Appel système qui retourne un identifiant unique (entier non
|
||||
signé) représentant une socket ouverte par le noyau, dans le style d'un
|
||||
descripteur de fichier.
|
||||
2. `bind(53)` : Le processus annonce qu'il se positionne sur le port 53 en
|
||||
écoute (serveur DNS)
|
||||
3. `rcvfrom()` : récupère les données (datagrammes) depuis le noyau, c'est un
|
||||
appel bloquant.
|
||||
4. `sento()` : le processus fournit au noyau les données pour le transfert (
|
||||
l'écriture). C'est l'équivalent de `write()` utilisé poour les fichiers.
|
||||
5. `close()` : ferme la connexion.
|
||||
|
||||
Ces étapes décrites ci-dessus sont valables pour la partie serveur, la partie
|
||||
client est plus simple : `socket()` -> `sendto()` -> `rcvfrom()` -> `close()`
|
||||
|
||||
# API pour un transfert TCP (avec connexion)
|
||||
|
||||
# côté serveur
|
||||
|
||||
1. `socket()`
|
||||
2. `bind(80)`
|
||||
3. `listen()` : annonce l'ouverture du port et l'écoute
|
||||
4. `accept()` : attend des connexion avec un client (état disponible)
|
||||
5. `read()` : appel système lit les données provenant du réseau, en HTTP ce
|
||||
serait la demande de la page `index.html` par exemple.
|
||||
6. `write()` : renvoi les données vers le réseau qui seront ensuite envoyées
|
||||
par le noyau vers le client.
|
||||
|
||||
## côté client
|
||||
|
||||
1. `connect()` : appel cloquant pour initier la connexion.
|
||||
2. `write()` : envoyer les donnés vers le client (la requete HTML par exemple)
|
||||
3. `read()` : lit les données (bloquant). Dès que les données sont prête, elles
|
||||
sont envoyées à l'application. Si rien n'est lut, l'appel se terminera alors
|
||||
seulement au moment du `close()`
|
||||
|
||||
# Socket
|
||||
|
||||
Pour démarrer une socket, plusieurs information son importante et changerons la
|
||||
manière de procéder :
|
||||
|
||||
- la famille d'adresse : IPv4, IPv6
|
||||
- le type de socket : échange simple de datagrammes (UDP) ou par une
|
||||
connexion (TCP)
|
||||
- le protocole : TCP, UDP, ICMP ...
|
||||
- l'adresse locale (IP et port)
|
||||
- l'adresse distante (IP et port)
|
||||
|
||||
# API C
|
||||
|
||||
Il faut bien avoir à l'esprit qu'en réseau, les données sont toujours au forman
|
||||
big-endian. Pour avoir plus d'explications voir la page Wikipedia sur
|
||||
[l'endianess](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness).
|
||||
|
||||
Il faut donc penser à utiliser des fonctions de conversion :
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
/* Conversion vers/depuis ordre réseau */
|
||||
uint16_t htons(uint16_t hostshort); #host to network short
|
||||
uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t netshort); #network to host short
|
||||
uint32_t htonl(uint32_t hostlong); #host to network long
|
||||
uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t netlong); #network to host long
|
||||
|
||||
/* Conversion ascii/binaire */
|
||||
int inet_aton(const char *ascii, struct in_addr *binaire);
|
||||
char *inet_ntoa(struct in_addr binaire);
|
||||
|
||||
/* De même, mais portables v4/v6 */
|
||||
int inet_pton(sa_family_t af, const char *ascii, void *binaire);
|
||||
const char *inet_ntop(sa_family_t af, const void *binaire, char *ascii, socklen_t size);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Structure pour IPv4
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
struct in_addr {
|
||||
/* ... */
|
||||
__be32 s_addr;
|
||||
}
|
||||
struct sockaddr_in {
|
||||
sa_family_t sin_family; /* AF_INET6 */
|
||||
struct in6_addr sin_addr;
|
||||
__be16 sin_port;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Structure pour ipv6
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
struct in6_addr {
|
||||
/* ... */
|
||||
u8 s6_addr[16];
|
||||
}
|
||||
struct sockaddr_in {
|
||||
sa_family_t sin6_family; /* AF_INET6 */
|
||||
struct in6_addr sin6_addr;
|
||||
__be16 sin6_port;
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## API UDP
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
/* Créer une socket */
|
||||
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
|
||||
/* e.g. fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); */
|
||||
|
||||
int bind(
|
||||
int sockfd, # numéro de descripeur de socket
|
||||
const struck sockaddr *addr # sock_addr peut être de type 4 ou 6 (cast)
|
||||
socklen_t addrlen # taille de a structure sock_addr
|
||||
)
|
||||
/* Choisir l’adresse distante (IP et port), optionnel, pour utiliser
|
||||
send/write/recv/read plutôt que sendto/recvfrom */
|
||||
|
||||
int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Envoyer un datagramme UDP à un service d’une machine donnée */
|
||||
ssize_t sendto(
|
||||
int sockfd,
|
||||
const void *buf,
|
||||
size_t len,
|
||||
int flags,
|
||||
const struct sockaddr *dest_addr,
|
||||
socklen_t addrlen
|
||||
);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Recevoir un datagramme UDP depuis n’importe quelle machine */
|
||||
ssize_t recvfrom(
|
||||
int sockfd,
|
||||
void *buf, #tampon de données (ici à recevoir)
|
||||
size_t len,
|
||||
int flags,
|
||||
struct sockaddr *src_addr,
|
||||
socklen_t *addrlen
|
||||
);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Fermer la socket */
|
||||
int close(int fd);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## API C TCP
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
* voir man 7 tcp pour plus d’explications */
|
||||
/* Créer une socket */
|
||||
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
|
||||
/* e.g. fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); */
|
||||
|
||||
/*** Partie client ***/
|
||||
/* Se connecter à un service d’une machine donnée */
|
||||
int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
|
||||
|
||||
/*** Partie serveur ***/
|
||||
/* Attacher à un port local donné */
|
||||
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Passer en mode serveur */
|
||||
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Accepter une nouvelle connexion */
|
||||
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Fermer la socket */
|
||||
int close(int fd);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Récupérer l’adresse locale */
|
||||
int getsockname(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Récupérer l’adresse distante */
|
||||
int getpeername(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# `write()`, `read()`, Tampons noyau
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Pour chacune des connexions établies le noyau Linux créer des tampons : un pour
|
||||
la lecture et un pour l'écriture. Pour la l'écriture, lorsqu'un processus
|
||||
invoque un `write()`, les données sont d'abord écrites dans un tampon. S'il est
|
||||
plein (sa taille est définie à l'avance), le noyau bloque l'appel `write()` et
|
||||
lorsque de la place se libère, il le débloque.
|
||||
|
||||
De l'autre côté, les données sont reçues dans le tampon `read()` et lorsqu'elles
|
||||
sont transférées au processus, un segment *ACK* est envoyé à l'expéditeur. le
|
||||
destinataire averti l'expéditeur de la place disponible dans son tampon `read()`
|
||||
par le biais du champ `window size` (octet 16 à 18 d'un sergent TCP) dans un
|
||||
segment *ACK*. Si le tampon contient, par exemple 2ko mais que le `read()` en
|
||||
demande 10ko, les 2Ko sont automatiquement transférés au processus.
|
||||
|
||||
Les tampons peuvent fausser complètement les outils de mesure de performance
|
||||
réseau, en effet lors d'un appel `write()` les données sont transmise dans le
|
||||
tampon très rapidement faussant alors la mesure du débit.
|
||||
|
||||
## visualiser les buffers.
|
||||
|
||||
Il est possible de visualiser les données en attentes dans les buffets avec la
|
||||
commande `netstat` :
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
[root@eph-archbook ephase]# netstat
|
||||
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
|
||||
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
|
||||
tcp 0 0 eph-archbook:47954 mail.gandi.net:imaps ESTABLISHED
|
||||
tcp 0 0 eph-archbook:52264 imap.u-bordeaux.fr:imap ESTABLISHED
|
||||
tcp 32 0 ?192.168.1.91:34456 vpn-0-24.aquilene:https CLOSE_WAIT
|
||||
tcp 32 0 192.168.1.91:33424 vpn-0-24.aquilene:https CLOSE_WAIT
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
L'étal des tampons est indiqué par les champs `Recv-Q` et `Send-Q`.
|
||||
|
||||
## option de socket TCP
|
||||
|
||||
Les entêtes complète d'un datagramme TCP pèse au moins 54 octets (entêtes
|
||||
Ethernet et IP comprises). Afin d'optimiser l'envoi de données, il est souvent
|
||||
préférable de concaténer plusieurs appels `write()` ou d'utiliser `printf()` et
|
||||
les mécanisme de tampons de la libc. Il est aussi possible de demander à TCP
|
||||
d'attendre l'arrivée d'autres données avant d'envoyer un segment avec bien
|
||||
évidemment la gestion d'un *timeout* pour ne pas attendre trop longtemps
|
||||
(algorithme de [Nagle][l_nagle]). Ce n'est cependant pas adapté à tous les
|
||||
protocoles : si ce système fonctionne bien pour HTTP, ce n'est pas le cas de SSH
|
||||
ou la latence induite par ce mécanisme pose problèmes.
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
#include <sys/socket.h>
|
||||
|
||||
int setsockopt (int sockfd, int level, int optname, const void *optval, socklen_t optlen);
|
||||
int getsockopt (int sockfd, int level, int optname, void *optval, socklen_t optlen);
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `int level` : niveau de la pile ou appliquer l'option, `SOL_TCP` signifiera
|
||||
la partie TCP.
|
||||
- `int optname` : l'option à activer, par exemple `TCP_NODELAY` afin de
|
||||
désactiver l'algorithme de Nagle. Il est possible aussi de mettre un
|
||||
bouchon au tampon `write()` avec `TCP_CORK`. Il faudra alors le désactiver
|
||||
pout permettre au noyau d'envoyer les segments depuis les données du
|
||||
*buffer*
|
||||
|
||||
[l_nagle]:https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithme_de_Nagle
|
||||
### l'option `SO_REUSEADDR` de `SOL_SOCKET`
|
||||
|
||||
Par défaut, le système empêchera la connexion à une socket si un service y
|
||||
était quelques minutes auparavant. Dans le cadre du test d'un programme ou pour
|
||||
du debug, il est parfois nécessaire de désactiver ce comportement, et c'est
|
||||
possible avec :
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
setsockopt ( fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, "1");
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# La Qos (Qualité de Service)
|
||||
|
||||
En réseau il est possible d'obtenir :
|
||||
|
||||
- une bonne latence
|
||||
- un bon débit
|
||||
- de la fiabilité
|
||||
|
||||
Il ne sera pas possible d'obtenir les trois. Il existe plusieurs solutions pour
|
||||
prioriser les flux. Par exemple les petits paquets : leurs tailles indique
|
||||
sûrement que l'on recherche une meilleure latence plutôt qu'un gros débit.
|
||||
|
||||
Il est aussi possible de faire du DPI *Deep Packet Inspection* que ne serait pas
|
||||
très approprié du point de vue de l'éthique et de la loi (neutralité du net...)<
|
||||
En TCP il existe le champs ToS *Type of service" Mais celui-ci est inutilisé du
|
||||
fait de son implémentation différentes chez les fabricants de matériels et
|
||||
logiciels.
|
||||
|
||||
Les équipements sur Internet ont tous un système de buffer, ce qui n'est pas
|
||||
sans poser problèmes pour la *QoS* : s'il est facile de maitriser son routeur,
|
||||
éventuellement le DSLAM si son fournisseur d'accès à Internet le permet, il est
|
||||
est tout autres pour les équipements par lesquels transitent nos paquets.(voir
|
||||
le [Bufferbloat][l_buffetbloat])
|
||||
|
||||
[l_bufferbloat]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufferbloat
|
||||
|
||||
# API réseau et threads
|
||||
|
||||
Il est tout à fait possible d'utiliser les *threads* et les *processus* pour
|
||||
créer des buffers différents et ainsi paralléliser l'envoi / réception de
|
||||
données et ainsi éviter de bloquer l'ensemble de son application avec un
|
||||
`write()` ou un `read()`. Il est aussi possible d'utiliser l'API `SELECT` et
|
||||
ainsi éviter de complexifier son code avec des threads / processus.
|
||||
|
||||
```C
|
||||
void FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);
|
||||
void FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);
|
||||
void FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set);
|
||||
int FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set);
|
||||
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
|
||||
|
||||
/* Attend des données lisibles sur fd1 ou fd2, traite en conséquence */
|
||||
int attend(int fd1, int fd2) {
|
||||
fd_set set;
|
||||
int max;
|
||||
FD_ZERO(&set);
|
||||
FD_SET(fd1, &set);
|
||||
FD_SET(fd2, &set);
|
||||
max = MAX(fd1, fd2);
|
||||
if (select(max+1, &set, NULL, NULL, NULL) == -1)
|
||||
return -1;
|
||||
if (FD_ISSET(fd1, &set))
|
||||
traite(fd1);
|
||||
if (FD_ISSET(fd2, &set))
|
||||
traite(fd2);
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
int poll(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout);
|
||||
```
|
||||
1
themes/mainroad
Submodule
1
themes/mainroad
Submodule
|
|
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||
Subproject commit 279cd6cbf36560db8b03bd54804e25ff8e3c26a1
|
||||
1
themes/simpleit-hugo-theme
Submodule
1
themes/simpleit-hugo-theme
Submodule
|
|
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||
Subproject commit 062b4a11a7e4df3eaeb09877c49ef22c9300c4a4
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue